Teenage Pregnancy Essay Example for Free

High school Pregnancy Essay One of the cultural issues that our nation experiences is the high school pregnancy or the early pregnancy. Numerous Teenagers are include in pre-marriage sex. This additionally lead to other cultural issue like overpopulation and destitution. The sexual upheaval has introduced a period in which the normal pre-adult encounters enormous weights to have sexual encounters of various sorts. Filipino adolescents get a higher presentation to sex from the Internet, magazines, TV shows, motion pictures and other media than decades back, yet with no comparing increment in data on the best way to deal with the info. So kids are basically left to different children for conclusions and worth arrangement with regards to sex. Sexual falsehood is in this way similarly partook in the gathering. Guardians at home and instructors in school feel similarly insufficient or uncomfortable to examine the subject of sex with youths. The issue mounts in light of the fact that the barkada (posse) has a more significant impact than guardians do and they apply pressure and anticipate that the immature should adjust to the remainder of them. In the Philippines, as indicated by the 2002 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study by the University of the Philippines Population Institute (Uppi) and the Demographic Research and Development Foundation, 26 percent of our Filipino youth across the country from ages 15 to 25 confessed to having a pre-marriage sex understanding. What?s more awful is that 38 percent of our childhood are as of now in a live-in course of action. Truth be told, female teenagers whose companions take part in sexual conduct were seen as bound to do the equivalent contrasted with the individuals who don't connect with such friends. In the event that the adolescent sees her companions to take a gander at pre-marriage sex, she was bound to begin sex at a later age. Adolescent moms will in general have poor dietary patterns and are more averse to take prescribed every day multivitamins to keep up sufficient nourishment during pregnancy. They are additionally bound to smoke, drink or consume medications during pregnancy, which can mess wellbeing up for the child. Impromptu pregnancies lead to a higher pace of premature births. In the Philippines, despite the fact that fetus removal is illicit, it would stun you to realize that we even have a higher premature birth rate (25/1,000 ladies) .For sure, there are more premature births that occur in our nation that are not detailed. Secondary passage premature births are turned to with undeveloped ?hilots? with sketchy sterility techniques, expanding the opportunities for lockjaw harming and different inconveniences. Despite the fact that there are numerous approaches to stop this issue, there will consistently be the lak of order of the teenagers.That is the reason there is the dubious RH Bill which will take care of the issue or perhaps it can't.

Australia :: essays research papers

Australia Australia is an island landmass and is found southeast of Asia . Australia is the littlest landmass on the planet . Australia is comprised of six states . The atmosphere in Australia shifts incredibly : a hot season , wet season with downpours falling for the most part in February and March. During which north western has warm and dry season. Australians mineral assets are eminently bauxite, coal , gold, iron , metal, and oil. The most well known and local warm blooded animals in Australia are marsupials . The most popular marsupials in Australia is a kangaroo which incorporate fifty species. In Australia forty-three percent of surface comprises of desert and sandy fields. A large portion of the number of inhabitants in Australia is of European plunge. Before the world war II the populace was completely of British starting point, however from that point forward in excess of 2,000,000 Europeans from the mainland have moved to Australia . English is the official language of Australia. The absolute populace of Australia is 17, 827, 204. The capital of Australia is Sidney . The Religion of Australia is largergerly Protestants , 26 percent of Australians are Catholics , and there are littler like East Orthodox, Muslim , Buddhist , and Jewish populace . The instruction starts at six years old and as far as possible is to sixteen . Australia has in excess of ten thousand essential and optional schools. In the mid 1990s Australian had thirty-nine colleges . The lifestyle in Australia mirrors the legacy of British pilgrims . Australia has many fascinating locales like sea shores, mountains, deserts , historical centers, craftsmanship , music , Film and numerous different destinations . The most established music of Australia is Aborigines. That music assumes accentual job in both social and hallowed life. During get-togethers called corroborees , singing and moving give the significant type of diversion. Australia is a remarkable maker of essential items . The significa nt exporter are wheat ,meat , dairy items and fleece . Australia for the most part delivers twenty-five percent of world's yearly fleece. Mining turned into the main factor of mining in Australia . The region keeps on being reliant on animals raising and yield cultivating. Assembling started after world war II . Most assembling offices are at Sidney. The creation is for the most part iron, steel ,aircraft's, development hardware ,manufactured filaments , electronic gear , power links , and oil .Sydney was established by CaptainArthur Philip in 1787.

Learn How to Write a Persuasive Essay Using Project Odyssey

Learn How to Write a Persuasive Essay Using Project OdysseyOne of the most important aspects of a persuasive essay is the topic you choose for your final paper. Most people enter middle school as self-starters, but then drop their papers and later think they are too stupid to write an essay. This could not be further from the truth. Every student should be able to write his or her own essays, regardless of what grade they got in their high school.The main objective of a persuasive essay is to present one's point of view on a controversial issue or fact. The topic should be related to the point of the essay. If you are writing a persuasive essay on the merits of a new company, the topic should be related to the advertising campaign of the company. Many students feel that a persuasive essay is nothing more than an advertisement for a company. They believe the only reason that you are writing the essay is so they can promote their product or service.No one can write a persuasive essay o n his or her own. You can do this for free if you use the resources that are made available online by others.The first resource is called Project Odyssey. This resource was designed by elementary school teachers to help students learn about persuasive essays. They provide simple exercises with detailed answers. These exercises will help students discover the main ideas of the essay.The second resource is a simple outline for a persuasive essay. It is the middle section of an essay and the teacher can add detail and make it different from the other parts of the essay. This provides the students with the basic ideas of the essay and is a great help for developing the point of view.When writing a persuasive essay, you can use many different methods. One method you can use isusing the two-sided argument to make your point more clear. Also, you can use a variation of the popular argument by presenting your side with many facts to support your position.If you have not yet learned how to w rite a persuasive essay, these resources can help you. Just make sure you use them to the fullest of your ability, as any help you receive is better than none at all.

Teaching And Coaching. Differences Between Teaching And

Teaching and coaching Differences between teaching and coaching 1.There is numerous way in which children aged between 7-16 are taught new skills in selected sports whether its through a teacher or a coach. A teacher is defined as an adult delivering physical education to students with approval of the head teacher. A coach on the other hand is someone who is not a member of staff who is contracted to deliver physical education or a school programme (safe practise in physical education and sport 2012 edition). The difference between the two is dependant on a number of factors such as qualifications. Teachers would be responsible for teaching all activities set in the national curriculum, therefore it’s important they acquire their qualified†¦show more content†¦It’s crucial that the practitioner is qualified in what they are doing in order to deliver a safe and practical lesson. 2.importance of sport to a child development Participating in sport has a number of benefits and the importance of it to a child’s development is: - Become skilful and intelligent learners - Acquire and develop skills, performing with increasing physical competence and confidence, in a range of physical activities and contexts. - learn how to select and apply skills, tactics and compositional ideas to suit activities - Develop their ideas in creative ways - Set targets for themselves and compete against others, individually and as team members - Understand what it takes to persevere, succeed and acknowledge others success - Respond to a variety of challenges in a range of physical circumstances and environments - lead activity and focus on improving aspects of their performance - Discover their own aptitudes and preferences for different activities - Make educated decisions about the importance of exercise in their lives - Progress positive attitudes to participation in physical education It is essential that throughout the year, the national curriculum inspires all students to develop and succeed in competitive sport and physical activities. It should enable children to gain physical confidence and supportShow MoreRelatedSports Pedagogy : An Academic Field1339 Words   |  6 PagesSports pedagogy is known as an academic field. One between both sport and education. Pedagogy is the practice of teaching within an academic field. Shown by Wallace’s explanation ‘not only the practical application of teaching, or pedagogic, skills, but also curriculum issues and the body of theory relating to how and why learning takes place.’ (2009). Combined pedagogy with sport creates an in-between physical culture and education, In which many sub-disciplines come into place among sport(s) science(s)Read MoreThe Teacher Assistants Of Canadian International Collage, Ahram Canadian University, Modern And Science Academy Essay1387 Words   |  6 Pagesfor their team as the need arises. Coaching is driven by a questions addressed to the coachee. .coaching become a popular title that is being used by a lot of professionals often with no training .coaching is also solving problem, setting goals and learn new behaviours. The coaching programs was a satisfying experience for personal growth and professional development. Coaching is differ according to the culture ,this paper will illustrate the impact of coaching on employees and how to applyingRead MoreEssay Comparing Mentoring and Coaching1642 Words   |  7 PagesComparing Mentoring and Coaching There are some key differences between mentoring and coaching. Mentoring- is known as the transfer of wisdom and has a protà ©gà © or mentee that takes an interest in their career path. The protà ©gà © is guided and advised by the mentor who has worn the same shoes and traveled the same path, usually someone older and wiser. The mentor guides, persuades, and encourages a person to reach their full potential in life, in a position in an organization or in a careerRead MoreCommunicating With Your Athletes : An Important Aspect When Becoming A Successful Coach1311 Words   |  6 Pagesbecoming a successful coach. Successful coaches are masterful communicators, and unsuccessful coaches often fail not because of poor communication but because of poor communication skills. Effective communication is just as essential to successful coaching just as it is to successful careers. There are three basic dimensions of communication: 1- Sending and receiving messages, 2- Verbal and nonverbal communication, and 3- Content and emotion. Typically, coaches are more skilled in sending messagesRead MoreMy Coaching Philosophy : Becoming A Coach1691 Words   |  7 Pagestask to accomplish. However, becoming a coach requires to have a coaching philosophy representing how and why you coach. Thinking about what my coaching philosophy is became incredibly difficult. Creating my coaching philosophy re quired a lot of reflection on myself. Determining who I am, my coaching objectives, and coaching styles are all important parts of a coaching philosophy. Some of my personal reasons for coaching include coaching sports I enjoy to play, helping athletes develop, and having funRead MoreTime For Some Feedback For Teachers1694 Words   |  7 Pagesinvestigates how experts in educational leadership and coaching provide clarity and suggestions for improving feedback delivery. Big changes in education have arrived in Georgia over the past several years. The adoption of the Common Core Curriculum and the introduction of the new Teacher and Leader Keys Effectiveness System of evaluation are having a major impact on how students are learning, how teachers are teaching, and how leaders are leading. When the GeorgiaRead MoreEssay on Principles of Coaching1204 Words   |  5 PagesPrinciples of Coaching A coach has many different ways to be described they are described as an involvement in the development of people and they work to help others get better at doing things. they are also described as someone who brings about a change in some aspect of someones life. A coach is somebody who develops , improves or promotes change in a persons ability and /or understanding within a specific context A sports coachRead MoreUsing Teacher Evaluation Tools For Teaching And Learning Essay1524 Words   |  7 PagesIt is possible for accurate feedback to be a powerful resource in efforts to improve teaching and learning. Nevertheless, feedback that classifies the observed practices incorrectly is likely to involve a considerable opportunity cost for teachers as well as students (Iqbal, 2013). Notably, in 2009, a report by the name The Widget Effect was released by The New Teacher Project (TNTP). The report exposed the prevailing teacher evaluations as both infrequent and largely subjective (Jerald, 2012). SimilarlyRead MoreThe Most Important Part Of A Team1338 Words   |  6 Pageswere first played and the evidence was painted on caves. Baseball was invented in 1829. The first professional league was formed in 1876. Later on the game of rugby became known as football in the United States. The first game was played in 1869 between Rutgers and Princeton University. Although, during the 19th century sports started to become actual official sports. (C 107-110) A famous coach that is still looked upon is Tony Dungy. Tony Dungy was the first African American head coach to win theRead MoreKey Aspects Of Effective Communication1476 Words   |  6 Pagesway and the image you portray through communication, influences the relationship, involvement and communication from the other in a teaching setting. It was interesting to discuss while the underlying principles of communication are the same between discourses, there is also a big difference. The difference is particularly noticed between a change in communication between students and fellow researchers. I assumed this would have been very different for both. This topic identified another theme where

Masters Prepared Nurse Interview A Interview - 1091 Words

Masters Prepared Nurse Interview Introduction According to the American Association College of Nursing, â€Å"Master’s prepared nurses obtain a higher level of learning as well as key competencies.† The purpose of this paper is to provide insight on a Master’s prepared nurse conducted through an interview. My interviewee has obtained an MSN in Informatics and is currently employed in the Informatics field as a director of nursing informatics. He did his masters in health informatics from university of Walden. The main idea of this interview is to find out the ways in which he developed his nursing carrier. He is vey dedicated to his profession and has good knowledge. His commitment to the profession, and contributions to the profession is a true inspiration for me. His encouragement and support is leading me to start my master’s degree in health informatics. Overview of career My interviewee is an Asian origin and born and raised in Delhi. He said when he was in high school he decided to select health care sector because his mom was a public health nurse, and she received best nurse award for contributions to health care sector. The respect she received in the society inspired him to go for nursing. He received his BSN from Dr. MGR medical university in Madras. He proudly told me that he was the best outgoing student of the year, he said he was a member of SNA of India, he shared an interesting fact with me that he played hockey, representing his college of nursing. He was veyShow MoreRelatedInterview Of A Masters Prepared Nurse1517 Words   |  7 PagesInterview of a Masters Prepared Nurse: A Role Examination INTRODUCTION The purpose of doing an interview with a Mastered prepared Nurse here is to look for new awareness about a role, much desired by the interviewer and increase insight into the relationship between career path, education and opportunities. The goal is to recognize the interviewer’s current view of the MSN role with that someone presently occupied in that role, and develop a new apprehension. In a face to face interview, we discussedRead MoreMaster s Prepared Nurse Interview Guide884 Words   |  4 PagesMaster’s Prepared Nurse Interview Guide . In the expansion of nursing force in health care arena in twenty first century demands the nursing folks to involve in continuous education and implementation of scope of nursing practice ethically. In order to meet the strength of nurses proportionate with population ratio, there is an eminent need for educating new generation seeks immediate action. Nursing educators are to be prepared in various fields of nursing specialties. Introduction The writerRead MoreMasters- Prepared Nurse Interview Essay1526 Words   |  7 PagesMasters Prepared Nurse Interview Eduardo Mariano Grand Canyon University Theoretical Foundations for Nursing Roles and Practice NUR502 July 31, 2013 Masters Prepared Nurse Interview Interview This is an interview of a Master’s- prepared nurse who has recently assumed an Assistant Director of Nursing position. The aim of the interview is to show how a graduate of a Master of Science in Nursing would adequately prepare a nurse to assume a higher role in the field of nursing practice, educationRead MoreMasters prepared nurse interview Essay870 Words   |  4 Pages Master’s Prepared Nurse Interview Stephanie Bakker Grand Canyon University: NUR 502 October 15, 2014 Master’s Prepared Nurse Interview Introduction Due to the demands of an evolving health care system and an emphasis in health and wellness, Master’s prepared nurses are in demand. What does a Master’s prepared nurse entails? According to the American Association College of Nursing, Master’s prepared nurses obtain a higher level of learning as well as key competencies and skills. The ultimateRead MoreNurse Interview Essay845 Words   |  4 PagesMasters-Prepared Nurse Interview Grand Canyon University Theoretical Foundation for Nursing Roles and Practice NUR-502 May 23, 2012 Masters-Prepared Nurse Interview With the rapid growth in the implementation and use of electronic medical records, there is an increase in how we define the role of nurses and other team member’s (Deese amp; Stien, 2004). Along with providing optimal care, nurses are also responsible for interpreting and accurately documenting large amounts of informationRead MoreInterpreting The Role Of Nurses During Kerala s Public Health Care System1680 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Proposal Interpreting the Role of Nurses in Kerala’s Public Health Care System Name of the Guide: Dr. Mathew George Pallavi Muraleedharan Enrollment Number: M2015HE018 Master of Health Administration (2015-17) 1. INTRODUCTION The shortage of qualified human resources in the health sector is a major challenge India is currently facing. 18% of the primary health centers are without a doctor and out of the 52% sanctioned posts for specialists at CHCs that remain vacant, 55% areRead MoreInterview With Chief Financial Officer Essay894 Words   |  4 PagesInterview with Chief Financial Officer Carolinas Healthcare System is a large not for profit health care system, with over 40 hospitals across 900 locations in North and South Carolina. Carolinas Healthcare Pineville is one of the acute hospitals within this large organization (CHS, n.d.). It takes integration, coordination and planning to operate a profitable facility in this current climate. P. Hiltz contributes to this coordination and planning for Carolinas Healthcare Pineville. During an interviewRead MoreThe Impact of Leadership and Management in Nursing1489 Words   |  6 PagesThe first study reviewed looked at the effect of patient-focused redesign on midlevel nurse managers role responsibilities and perceptions of work environment (Ingersoll, 1999, p. 21). The study was chosen because patient-focused redesign models are becoming increasingly popular and little research has been conducted regarding the results of these models on nurse leaders/managers. A review of published studies of Patient-Focused Redesign (PFR) suggests that models differ across institutionsRead MoreEvaluation Of A Nursing Internship Experience Based On An Educational Program For Wound Assessment And Documentation1451 Words   |  6 Pagespractices and interventions to reduce skin breakdown pressure ulcers occurrences. Mastered prepared nurses play an important role in organizational performance and the delivery of quality patient care. This paper will describe and summarize graduate nursing practicum experience in developing an educational program for wound assessment and documentation. The nursing practicum is an opportunity for graduate nurse to apply theoretical knowledge and gain experience based on personal goals and learningRead MoreMy Aspiration At Work Worth Doing1233 Words   |  5 PagesInventory, I learned that my interests attribute to my occupation being in either health care services or medical science. Additionally, under my Top Ten Strong Occupations, several professions in the health care were listed, such as a registered nurse or a pharmacist. By partaking in this assessment and having reviewed my results, I overall feel as though I have chosen the proper career field. Furthermore, the Strong Interest Inventory, revealed aspects about interests and how they relate to my

The Wiz Directed by Gary Hicks Essay Example For Students

The Wiz Directed by Gary Hicks Essay On March 6th 2015, I went to watch the production of The Wiz, directed by Gary Hicks. The Wiz is about a young girl named Dorothy who gets blown away by a large twister, into a far land named Oz. Dorothy soon learns to appreciate her home and makes new friends while on her journey back home. Brandi Bell, who portrayed Dorothy, is an amazing actress and singer. She brought a lot to the table as far as her voice and acting skills noticed that Brandi was very focused throughout the play and knew her lines with a drop of a dime. My favorite part of brandies performance is basically throughout the play when she stops and notices people who need help and offers to lead them to the wiz to get their wish. Honestly I don’t think there was anything wrong with Brandis’ performance because she stood out the most to me; she was focused, cheated out and most importantly loud and diligent with her words. Not everyone in the cast was diligent or loud with their words because I had trouble hearing a few people. Even though I was told by performers there were a lot of mess ups the day I came I didn’t realize any of them which is a good thing. Royal Moon, who was part of the ensemble as a dancer throughout the show did excellent. She has actually inspired me to audition for next year’s musical because she made it look so fun and I felt she brought a burst of energy on the stage. Royel knew exactly what she was doing the whole time and looked like she had rehearsed for hours. I could easily tell she was focused and I feel her hours of preparation gave her a boost of confidence. I loved Royel’s performance and I can’t wait to watch her play a lead role one day. My favorite costume in the whole show was the lions costume played by. The silhouette was loose and baggy in the middle and leg which I think gave it a more comfy look, which lions have. I like how the costume designer mixed brown fabrics with red, but I feel if the costume designer added gold streaks of fabric to the lions mane, because lions are â€Å"the king of the jungle† it would have made the costume pop more. Also the fabric used from far away looked soft. I never had the opportunity to see the costume up close but I think the costume designer should have used a rougher fabric to symbolize a lion’s fierceness. My overall impression of The Wiz was very good. I had a wonderful time watching the play. I rate the play a 9. 5 out of 10 for great actors and a good overall performance from each actor. The play provoked a comical response from me. I found the play funnier than the movie at times which made my experience better. Out of all the productions I have watched at Kell this one is my favorite by far.

What Constitutes Horror in Victorian Gothic Essay Example For Students

What Constitutes Horror in Victorian Gothic Essay The original use of the term `Gothic was applied to a group of novels, including Mary Shelleys `Frankenstein, written between the 1760s and 1820s. These novels usually employed some or all of the following characteristics, which seem demonstrative of the original use of the term `Gothic: An emphasis on portraying the terrifying, a common insistence on archaic settings, a prominent use of the supernatural, the presence of highly stereotyped characters, barbarism as opposed to elegance, and the attempt to deploy and perfect techniques of literary suspense. In this way, although it does not fall into the defined period of original Gothic, Bram Stokers `Dracula could be seen as conforming to this original framework. For example, upon his recent arrival in Draculas locality, Jonathan Harker states, the crucifix is still round my neck. Whether it is the old ladys fear, I do not know, but I am not feeling nearly as easy in my mind as usual. If this book should ever reach Mina before I do, let it bring my goodbye. We will write a custom essay on What Constitutes Horror in Victorian Gothic specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This extract builds tension and suspense, hinting at future events such as his mental illness and seclusion, and displays the superstition and folklore employed in archetypal Gothic literature. The principal figures within Gothic works were the wanderer, the vampire, and the seeker of forbidden knowledge, all of which may be found within the Victorian examples of Gothicism to which I make reference. However, as with the characteristic change of genre over time, the concepts of `Gothic and `Terror have become intertwined in literary history, leading to misconceptions and difficulties in definition. Even within the original Gothic category the differences between works was great, each possessing extremely different aspects and values, although they are still generally grouped together within a homogenous body of fiction. However, the definition of this homogenised group is not the only literary use of the term Gothic. Horror fiction is often called `Gothic, as are some historical romances. This ambivalence of the term is encompassed within Angela Carters statement in the prologue of `Fireworks, that it retains a singular moral function- that of provoking unease. Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Gothic literature, whilst often retaining many aspects of the original term, and certainly relevant to the previous quote, were usually a fragmented version of the original. This period produced works dealing with the mystical, and also socially controversial issues in order to raise social consciousness. In this way, the term became modified from a fairly superficial art form into a deeper moral exploration, the aspects of the mystical and supernatural coming to be separated from Gothic, into the category of Horror. For contemporary Victorian audiences, the Gothic genre was, despite the need for confrontation of contemporary issues, a subversion of reality. Herbert Reed, quoted in `The Gothic tradition, David Punter, referred to Gothic as the representative of a particular antagonistic attitude towards realism. This is to say that not only was the Gothic genre an escape from reality, but also a deconstruction and dismemberment of it. For example, the controversial use of women not as pure, chaste people, but as monsters and seductresses, which will be discussed within a later paragraph. Addressing contemporary issues, Robert Louis Stevensons `Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, containing the vile murder of Sir Carew, was connected with actual late Victorian fears about similarly untraceable murders, centred on the archetype of Jack the Ripper. Concerning the change of values for Victorian Gothic literature, according to the publics fears, the issues of boundaries and duality of self were raised. Jekyll states that his problem stems from a lack of `personal freedom, implying that his problem was a social one, and therefore the novel attempts to connect social and moral aspirations, leading to the issue of internal ambiguity of morals, and social corruption, for which the individual may surely not be blamed. The crossing of geographical boundaries creates terror within these novels, as David Clover opined in `Vampires, Mummies and Liberals, London was increasingly becoming the symbolic place in the late Victorian and Edwardian imaginaries where boundaries threatened to dissolved, and therefore Jonathan Harkers sighting of Dracula in Piccadilly is enough to turn the convalescing Harker `pale and dizzy, precipitating a relapse. Clover continued in Dracula it is matter out of place that matters, the contamination and dissolution of the pure and sacred that counts, the transgression of boundaries and borders that is the ultimate horror. .u8fe877d7cb689115d795732e23247e3b , .u8fe877d7cb689115d795732e23247e3b .postImageUrl , .u8fe877d7cb689115d795732e23247e3b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8fe877d7cb689115d795732e23247e3b , .u8fe877d7cb689115d795732e23247e3b:hover , .u8fe877d7cb689115d795732e23247e3b:visited , .u8fe877d7cb689115d795732e23247e3b:active { border:0!important; } .u8fe877d7cb689115d795732e23247e3b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8fe877d7cb689115d795732e23247e3b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8fe877d7cb689115d795732e23247e3b:active , .u8fe877d7cb689115d795732e23247e3b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8fe877d7cb689115d795732e23247e3b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8fe877d7cb689115d795732e23247e3b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8fe877d7cb689115d795732e23247e3b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8fe877d7cb689115d795732e23247e3b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8fe877d7cb689115d795732e23247e3b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8fe877d7cb689115d795732e23247e3b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8fe877d7cb689115d795732e23247e3b .u8fe877d7cb689115d795732e23247e3b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8fe877d7cb689115d795732e23247e3b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How Does Shelley Create both Horror and Sympathy for the Creature in her Novel Frankenstein EssayThe Victorian fears of mental, physical and moral degeneration are presented within Oscar Wildes `The Picture of Dorian Gray, and Stevensons `Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The horror the audience explored, and continues to explore, is that which is prompted by the dissolution, continuous and repeated, of society, the human subject, and indeed the entire nation. Dorian Grays committed murder and cry of joy upon the death of another, demonstrate his moral degeneration since he was first described as being of pure moral character. The wish that began Dorians horrific downfall If it were I who was to be always young, and the picture that was to grow old! I would give my soul for that! stemmed from Lord Henry Wottons paradoxical and usually ridiculous views of society and life, and although it was received with outrage and called immoral, the novels fictionalisation of contemporary fears continues to be relevant today, through its understanding of human nature, and its horrors. The boundaries of what was socially acceptable and what wasnt, were also exploited to add to the horror of the Gothic novel. Dracula deals with the taboo, blurring the line between man and beast, man and God those with supernatural strength and unnatural longevity and man and woman, by displaying the existence of female passion, albeit in a demonic form. The theme of madness within the novels, especially that of usually stable and rational male characters, is prominent. Threats to body, mind and soul are recurrent, with extremes of optimism and pessimism during times of crisis, threatening the collapse of the characters surrounding worlds. David Punter remarks, in `The modern Gothic, How much, they ask, can one lose and still remain a `man? The male protagonists frequently demonstrate signs of hysteria and madness, for example Harkers illness resulting from imprisonment , Latimers prevision, which pushes him to the edge of his sanity, Jekylls mental illness, and Dorians clearly disturbed mind, and fits of feminine tears. Their hysteria is, according to David Clover, both frightening and reassuring. Due to the readers inclusion, the reasons for their madness are explicable and in most cases understandable. Nonetheless, the horror at perceiving these strong male role models crushed is not diminished. The threats imposed on the protagonists are not, however, merely physical, but also spiritual. In `Dracula, Professor Van Helsing warns his band of crusaders, It is that we become foul things of the night like him To us forever are the gates of heaven shut We go on for all time an arrow in the side of Him who died for man. For an audience for whom true life began after death, such threats appear horrific. After Lucys violation, the quest to save Minas pious soul becomes all encompassing, and their only reason for continuing their pursuit of the Count. `Dorian Grays separation of soul and body is, however intentional, horrifying and deadly. As aforementioned, the supernatural is key in increasing the horror of a Gothic novel, whilst keeping it true to the original guidelines, such as Latimers foresight. The descriptions Stoker utilises when portraying Dracula, modified to the extreme, and using simile, usually between the Count and an animal, attribute to him the revulsion he creates, and the wildness of his horror. For example, within his journal, Harker describes Draculas method of leaving the castle: But my very feelings changed to repulsion and fear when I saw the whole man slowly emerge from the window and begin to crawl down the castle wall over that dreadful abyss, face down and by thus using every projection and inequality move downwards with considerable speed, just as a lizard moves along a wall. However, Dracula is clearly already a supernatural character, with his essence grounded in opposing natures laws. Another method of displaying the supernatural is that of using the natural, but rendered unnatural by the events surrounding them. For example, the resuscitation of the maid in George Eliots `The lifted veil is in itself supernatural, because it is outside and above natural laws. Eliot uses the phrase, The dead womans eyes were wide open, and met hers in full recognition, whose use of the adjective `dead creates a shudder in the reader when it is obvious that she is talking to, and being stared at by a corpse. .u9fe8dffb79416f2df247f67f87a003aa , .u9fe8dffb79416f2df247f67f87a003aa .postImageUrl , .u9fe8dffb79416f2df247f67f87a003aa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9fe8dffb79416f2df247f67f87a003aa , .u9fe8dffb79416f2df247f67f87a003aa:hover , .u9fe8dffb79416f2df247f67f87a003aa:visited , .u9fe8dffb79416f2df247f67f87a003aa:active { border:0!important; } .u9fe8dffb79416f2df247f67f87a003aa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9fe8dffb79416f2df247f67f87a003aa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9fe8dffb79416f2df247f67f87a003aa:active , .u9fe8dffb79416f2df247f67f87a003aa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9fe8dffb79416f2df247f67f87a003aa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9fe8dffb79416f2df247f67f87a003aa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9fe8dffb79416f2df247f67f87a003aa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9fe8dffb79416f2df247f67f87a003aa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9fe8dffb79416f2df247f67f87a003aa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9fe8dffb79416f2df247f67f87a003aa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9fe8dffb79416f2df247f67f87a003aa .u9fe8dffb79416f2df247f67f87a003aa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9fe8dffb79416f2df247f67f87a003aa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Simple horror stories EssayAnother example of someone or something natural seeming unnatural, or too evil to be human, is Mr Hyde, who the following extract demonstrates as close to demonic: the man trampled calmly over the childs body and left her screaming on the ground he gave me one look, so ugly that it brought out the sweat on me like running really like Satan. Dorians end, and his fatal error is absolutely supernatural, with the description of the unrecognisable, wrinkly old man, where there had recently been a vibrant youth, adding to both the awful moral and supernatural effect of the novel. The Gothic novel frequently portrays the perverse union of passion and death, namely vampirism. Women are made into characters to fear rather than the embodiment of purity and goodness, and implications of necrophilia are rife, especially throughout Dracula. In `Sex and Death in Victorian literature, edited by Regina Barreca, it was said, If the eighteenth century Gothic novel is about psychological terror, the vampire novel is about physical, and specifically sexual, fear. To use an extract from Dracula as an example of sexuality to increase fear etc, Holding his candle so that he could read the coffin plates, and so holding it that the sperm dropped in white patches which congealed as they touched the metal, he made assurance of Lucys coffin. Also from `Sex and Death in Victorian literature, it was remarked, concerning the use of sexuality and women as taboo subjects, and morally ambiguous, Draculas penetration of Lucys and later Minas throat signals the essentially sexual way that he comes to possess them, and the effects on both women stress their loss of chastity, such as Lucys change from purity to voluptuous wantonness. Once violated, they become, like prostitutes, foul things of the night. Latimers inability to read the mind of the cruel Bertha is demonstrative of the portrayal of women as less than pure, or as scheming, closed minded types. Dorian speaks of his `murder of Sybil Vane in nonchalant or graphic terms, such as , She had no right to kill herself. It was selfish of her, and So I have murdered Sybil Vane as surely as if I had cut her little throat with a knife. Woman is debased and treated lightly, even after her death, increasing both heated feeling towards the male characters of a novel, and controversy surrounding it. Lastly, the setting of the novel contributed greatly to the effect it produced. The use of far off lands, bewitching and terrifying to a Victorian audience, is a key affect, and one relating to the original idea of the Gothic, although the Victorian Gothic novel found little need for ruins, wild mountains and labyrinthine castles, as the new landscape was that of the city as a source of desolation and menace. For example, in `Dorian Gray, he explores the east end, and finds, dimly lit streets, past gaunt black-shadowed archways and evil-looking houses grotesque children monstrous apes. To its new background, the gothic novel produced a claustrophobic effect in its reader, cutting the narrator off, and separation and deception became rife. `Jekyll and Hyde uses doors as a tool of deception. Each door promises a new line of enquiry, but these prove merely to lead further into the middle of it all, and the reader is left, unable to penetrate the mystery. The barren landscape of the city serves as the backdrop to the events themselves, and displays that even in the towns, where most contemporary readers would have lived, the loneliness and exposure left one prone to all kinds of horrors. The question of boundaries becomes important again when discussing this subject, and whether one may feel safe inside a locked building, when reading a Horror story in which a man can enter a closed window in the form of mist? The novelists use pathetic fallacy, such as this use of the mist, in order to demonstrate events and emotions, and also to show the all-encompassing nature of such horrors. Nowhere is safe, and the Victorian reader knew this fact. This merely increased the macabre curiosity that compelled them to read such tales of the unimaginable.

Critical study of Microsporidia and other single-celled, obligate intracellular, eukaryotic parasites The WritePass Journal

Critical study of Microsporidia and other single-celled, obligate intracellular, eukaryotic parasites Introduction Critical study of Microsporidia and other single-celled, obligate intracellular, eukaryotic parasites IntroductionDiscovery and classificationMicrosporidia in FishDevelopmental cycleSpore morphologyRationaleMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussion ReferencesRelated Introduction Microsporidia are single-celled, obligate intracellular, eukaryotic parasites which infect a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate hosts (Canning Lom 1986; Lom Dykova 1992; Desportes-Livage 2000 and Shaw Kent 1999). Amongst their hosts are a range of animal species such as rodents, rabbits, primates (including humans) but the most common hosts are insects and fish. Microsporidia belong to the phylum Microspora which are characterised by the production of infective spores which possess an elaborate extrusion apparatus (Weiss 2001). Identification of microsporidia up to the genus level is based on their ultrastructural characteristics and electron microscopy (EM) is considered the gold standard technique for species identification (Lom and Dykova 1992). Discovery and classification Microsporidia were discovered in 1857 and over 1200 species are known to date (Shaw Kent 1999). 156 species infect fish and these fall within 14 genera (Table 1) (reviewed in Lom 2002; Lom Nilsen 2003). Originally, Microsporidia were considered to be protozoa but they have been, not far long ago, reclassified as fungi in the general phylum Microsporidia (Keeling Fast 2002 and Sprague Becnel 1998). Possession of a chitin spore wall by microsporidia potentially links them to fungi. They are considered to be true eukaryotes because they have a membrane-bound nucleus, intra-cytoplasmic membrane system and chromosome separation on mitotic spindles. However, they have a less complex and smaller genome than other eukaryotes (Garcia 2002; Keeling 2009). Microsporidia in Fish Fish become infected with microsporidia when they ingest spores from other infected fish, that is to say, by direct per oral transmission (Dykova 1995). The parasites then invade the host cell’s cytoplasm and eventually displace the nucleus and other organelles during their course of development. The cytoplasm is reduced to a thin layer around the parasites. The host cell surrounds the parasites with mitochondria too, from which the latter obtains energy. Formation of large hypertrophic cells known as xenomas (Fig. 1) ensues (Lom Nilsen 2003). These cells can reach sizes of 400 – 500  µm and can be seen grossly as white cysts (Matthews Matthews 1980 and Ralphs Matthews 1986). Xenomas, cyst-like structures, comprise the hypertrophic host cell contents together with Microsporidia at multiple stages of development (Lom Dykova 2005). A symbiotic relationship develops between the parasite and host, which exhibit physiological integration. This helps the host to confine the parasites in only the infected cells, thereby limiting their spread to other cells and tissues. The parasites are provided with optimal growth conditions reminiscent of a culture tube in addition to protection from host immune attacks, since they are masked with host component (Lom Dykova 1992). Figure 1: Xenomas in the body cavity of the golden orfe. Figure 1: Large hypertrophic cells (xenomas) in the body cavity of the golden orfe. (Picture provided by Dr. R. Kirk, Kingston University London). Xenomas cause wasting of fish tissue leading to huge losses in catch value as well as reduced growth rates. Some cause serious lesions which result into the demise of infected fish when they destroy the host cells (Lom Dykova 1992). Microsporidiosis is considered to be a chronic lethal infection by Shaw and Kent 1999. Dykova and Lom (1978) stated that not all fish Microsporidia species cause xenomas. 9 out of the 14 genera of fish Microsporidia cause xenomas in table (1). Table 1: Microsporidia genera and their fish hosts. Microsporidia genus Fish host Glugea Stickleback, pond smelt, flounder, ayu Heterosporis Japanese eel, Jewel cichlid Ichthyosporidium Corkwing wrasse Kabatana Chinook, Masu, sockeye pink salmon; rainbow trout Loma Atlantic cod; haddock; pink, Coho, red, dog, sockeye Chinook salmon; rainbow trout Microfilum Lutjanus fulgens (Teleost) Microgemma Greater sand-eel Microsporidium Coho, red, dog Chinook salmon; rainbow trout; nilem; shiped catfish Neonosemoides Cichlid, tilapia Nosemoides Cichlid Nucleospora Salmon, Atlantic halibut Ovipleistophora Golden shiner, European chub Pleistophora Salmon, bream, pacific cod, turbot, roach Tetramicra Turbot Table 1. The 14 known genera of Microsporidia that infect fish (reviewed in Lom 2002; Lom Nilsen 2003), of which 9 (shown in red) cause xenomas in their hosts (reviewed in Lom 2002; Lom Dykova 2005). Developmental cycle Microsporidia undergo a complicated life cycle which involves merogony or schizogony and sporogony. Merogony is the proliferative stage during which numerous parasites are produced by binary or multiple fission whereas sporogony involves the production of mature spores. Both stages take place inside the host cell (Lom Dykova 1992). Initially, the sporoplasm is extruded by breakage and eversion of the polar tube through the thinnest apical part of the spore, with a build up of high pressure inside the spore being the driving force behind this mechanism. The polar tube pierces the host cell and literally injects the sporoplasm into it. This marks the start of development within the host (Lom Dykova 1992). Generally Microsporidia are small organisms and the largest developmental stages measure up to 50  µm (Dykova 1995). Spore morphology The spore (Fig. 2)is the infectious stage of Microsporidia, and the only stage viable outside of the host, due to possession of a tough outer wall. The spore wall is solid, occurs in one piece and consists of a thin outer glycoproteinous exospore and a thick inner chitin endospore. Spores occur in different shapes such as rod-shaped and spherical but oval or ellipsoidal are the most common. They measure between 3 and 10  µm in length and possess an elaborate hatching apparatus. The polaroplast, polar filament and posterior vacuole are the three most important parts of the spore involved in infection (Lom Dykova 1992; Dykova 1995). The spore has a very intricate morphology (Canning Lom 1986), but the most conspicuous part is the polar tube which extends obliquely from the anchoring disc at the anterior end to the posterior end of the spore, where it coils beneath the spore wall. A single or diplokaryon nucleus occurs in the sporoplasm between the polaroplast and the posterior vacu ole (Dykova 1995). Figure 2: A generalised diagram of a Microsporidia spore. Figure 2: Diagram of an oval-shaped spore showing a diprokaryon nucleus, the wall and other components involved in infection such as the polar tube and posterior vacuole (picture obtained from). Rationale Microsporidia have a huge impact on aquaculture since they cause severe diseases in fish, resulting in a reduction in the growth of fish stocks and productivity in the fish farming sector (Lom Dykova 1992; Dykova 1995). The economic significance of Microsporidia has therefore promoted extensive research into the pathology that they cause to their hosts (Lom 2002). This research project was conducted with the aim of investigating the nature and the extent of damage caused by xenomas in fish and the host’s response to infection (microsporidiosis) using histological techniques and light microscopy, as well as identifying the Microsporidia species infecting the golden orfe. Since there is limited research on Microsporidia, this would help provide more information regarding their pathology which could consequently be vital in controlling the impact they have on fish farming Materials and Methods Fish (golden orfe) obtained from a pond at Burton Bradstock in Dorset were dissected to remove gill and body cavity tissues infected with Microsporidia. These were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for 48 hours and stored in industrial methylated spirit (IMS). The gill tissue was then decalcified overnight in Osteosoft (Merck, Germany) and again stored in 70% IMS. The tissues were then dehydrated in a series of alcohol of ascending concentrations, embedded in wax and serially sectioned at 5 to 10  µm (appendix 1). Staining with Masson’s tricrhome (appendix 2) was done before examining the sections using light microscopy (phase contrast). Image analysis technique was used to critically examine the stained sections in order to identify and evaluate the histopathological changes caused by Microsporidia. Results Initial macroscopic examination of the fish revealed compression of the organs of the body cavity by the xenomas; cyst-like structures which occur as circular or ovoid lumps (figure 1). Histological examination of the stained serial sections of the body cavity tissue revealed the localisation of the cysts (xenomas) mostly with in the subepithelial connective tissue of the gut (figure 3a). In many sections, the cysts were seen to occur in large numbers and in close proximity with one another (figure 3b). This was an indication that the body cavity tissues, and the fish in general, were heavily infected. The cysts appeared to be intact and were surrounded by a continuous membrane (figures 3b 4). This showed confinement of Microsporidia parasites within the infected hypertrophied cell. The xenomas contained large numbers of parasites which appeared to be at different stages of development (figure 4), for example meronts and spores. The merogonial stages of development were seen as whitish round or amorphous masses within the cysts. However, individual meronts could not be discerned (figure 4). The Microsporidia spores, which stained deep red with Masson’s trichrome (Joseph et al. 2006), were evident within the entire xenoma (figure 4). Unfortunately, the internal morphology of the spores could not be examined with light microscopy. Host cell organelles such as nuclei were not observed, as these were probably displaced by the developing parasites. Secondary xenomas, cysts developing within another cyst, were also seen and these too contained developing parasites (figure 6). This was an indication that the xenomas were developing or mature. Fibroblasts were observed within the connective tissue surrounding the xenomas (figure 5). These, presumably, played a role in laying down blue-staining collagen fibres around the xenomas as part of the inflammatory response from the host towards the parasites, which is known as a granulomatous response (figure 7). Unfortunately, no xenomas were found within the gills on histological examination, even though cysts were observed before the tissues were removed from the fish. This could have been due to destruction of these cysts, which were probably young, during surgical removal and/or chemical processing of the tissues. Telangiectasis (gill lamellar dilations) was observed in some slides, on closer examination, but this was not to be mistaken for xenomas. These observations were also made by other authors such as Abdel-Ghaffar et al. (2011); Gandhi, Locatelli Feist (1995) and Peyghan et al. (2009) Discussion Microsporidia infect a variety of marine and fresh water fish. This study used the fresh water ornamental fish, the golden orfe (Leuciscus idus), to examine the histopathological effect that Microsporidia have on fish in general. However, there is not much research that has been carried out regarding the histopathological effect that microsporidia have on golden orfe. The xenomas (cyst-like structures) observed grossly within the body cavity of the fish were generally spherical, as was noted by Matos et al (2003) too. They presumably exerted pressure onto the organs involved in feeding such as the gut, liver and intestines, hence impairing their vital functions (Ralphs Matthews 1986). This not only led to morphological modifications but also functional failure due to thickening of the gut wall and eventual occlusion of the lumen. This may be the limiting factor which affects growth in the infected fish and the indirect cause of their death (Dykova 1995). Occurrence of xenomas in large numbers and close proximity to each other (as seen in figure 3b) was suggestive of a heavy infection, which resulted in the death of the fish. This is in agreement with Lom Dykova (1992) who stated that Microsporidia provoke severe disease in wild and farmed fish populations causing major losses. According to the observations made in this study, parasites at different stages of development occurred within the xenomas. Merogonial stages which appeared as white masses and deep red staining spores were seen inside the xenomas which were surrounded by a continuous membrane. The parasites were confined within these cyst-like structures inside infected cells and this limited their spread to other tissues within the host. This mechanism is used by the host to control the infection. However, the parasites use it too as a means of evading recognition and destruction by the host’s immune cells such as macrophages, as stated by Lom Dykova (1992). The parasites replace the cell organelles and cause hypertrophy of the infected cell, before destroying it. The host cell type is difficult to recognise following transformation into a xenoma (Dykova 1995). The xenoma and its components are morphologically and physiologically integrated to from a separate entity which develops at the ex pense of the host (Lom Dykova 2005). The observation of a granulomatous reaction, a process achieved by fibroblasts laying down collagen fibres around the xenoma wall, is a type of host response towards the parasite and is in agreement with observations made by Lom and Dykova (1992, 2005) and Shaw Kent (1999). One of the demerits of this study was that the morphology of the spores was vague and their internal structures could not be examined well enough, due to the low resolving power of the light microscope. This rendered identification of the Microsporidia species infecting the fish studied in this study impossible. Lom Dykova (1992) stated that identification of Microsporidia was based on the ultrastructural features of the spores and/or the characteristic cell structure of the developmental stages, for example the polar tube. Electron microscopy is the gold-standard method to use in species identification of Microsporidia. In addition to this, Masson’s trichrome stain However, this study showed that Microsporidia infection in fish led to hypertrophy of infected cells, with the formation of the xenomas. These observations concur with those of Lom Dykova (1992); Lom Nilsen (2003) and other researchers, for example, Abdel-Ghaffar et al. (2011); Gandhi, Locatelli Feist (1995) and Peyghan et al. (2009). From the commercial point of view, Microsporidia are considered parasites of significant importance by Lom Dykova (1992) and Dykova (1995) who stated that microsporidia infection reduced the growth of fish stocks which resulted in losses within the fish sector. Currently, not much research has been done in regard to the histopathological effect that Microsporidia cause to their fish hosts, and other animals in general and therefore a lot more remains to be learnt about these pathogens. Fields that require much more extensive research include the mechanisms by which xenomas are formed and the nature of the xenomas, how the parasites evade the host immune system, invasion of host cells by parasites using their extrusion apparatus, host response towards infection, not to mention but a few. Lom (2002) proposed that a detailed knowledge of fish Microsporidia morphology and their taxonomy would greatly facilitate species determination. This would help provide vital information that would be used to design and produce drugs in order to reduce the impact that Microsporidia have on agriculture and aquaculture. References Abdel-Ghaffar, F., Bashtar, AR., Mehlhorn, H., AL-Rasheid, K. and Morsy, K. (2011) Microsporidian parasites: a danger facing marine fishes of the Red Sea. Parasitology Research 108, 219 – 225. Canning, E. and Lom, J. (1986) The microsporidia of vertebrates. Academic Press, New York and London, pp 289. Desportes-Livage, I., 2000. Biology of microsporidia. Contributions to Microbiology 6, 140–165. Dykova, I. and Lom, J. (1978) Tissue reaction of the three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus L. to infection with Glugea anomala (Moniez, 1887). Journal of Fish Diseases 1, 83 – 90. Dykova, I. (1995) Phylum Microspora. In: Woo, P.T.K., editor: Fish diseases and disorders. Protozoan and Metazoan Infections. Wallingford: CAB International, pp 149 – 176. Garcia, L.S. (2002) Laboratory Identification of the Microsporidia. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40 (6), 1892 – 1901. Ghandi, S., Locatelli, L. and Feist, S.W. (1995) Occurrence of Loma sp. (Microsporidia) in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at a site in south west England. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 15(2), 58 – 60. Keeling, P. (2009) Five questions about microsporidia. PLoS Pathogens 5 (9), e1000489. Keeling, P.J. and Fast, N.M. (2002) Microsporidia: Biology and Evolution of Highly Reduced Intracellular Parasites. Annual Review of Microbiology 56, 93 – 116. Lom, J. and Dykova, I. (1992) Protozoan Parasites of Fishes. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V, pp 125 154. Lom, J. and Dykova, I. (2005) Microsporidia xenomas in fish seen in a wider perspective (Review). Folia Parasitologica 52, 69 – 81. Lom, J. and Nilsen, F. (2003) Fish Microsporidia: fine structural diversity and phylogeny (Review). International Journal for Parasitology 33, 107 – 127. Lom,   J. (2002) A catalogue of described genera and species of microsporidians parasitic in fish (Review). Systematic Parasitology 53, 81 – 99. Matos, E., Corral, L. and Azevedo, C. (2003) Ultrastructural details of the xenoma of Loma myrophis (phylum Microsporidia) and extrusion of the polar tube during autoinfection. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 54, 203 – 207. Peyghan, R., Nabavi, L., Jamshidi, K. and Akbari, S. (2009) Microsporidian infection in lizardfish, Saurida undosquamis of Persian Gulf. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, Shiraz University 10(2), 180 – 185. Ralphs, J.R. and Matthews, R.A. (1986) Hepatic microsporidiosis due to Microgemma hepaticus n.g., n.sp. in juvenile grey mullet chelon labrosus. Journal of Fish Diseases 9 (3), 225 – 242. Shaw, R.W. and Kent, M.L. (1999) Fish Microsporidia. In Wittner, M. Weiss, L.M. Editors: The microsporidia and microsporidiosis. Washington, DC: ASM Press, pp 418 – 446. Sprague, V. and Becnel, J.J. (1998) Note on the name-author-date combination for the taxon microsporides Balbiani, 1882, when ranked as a phylum. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 71, 91 – 94. Weiss, LM. (2001) Microsporidia: emerging pathogenic protists. Acta Tropica 78 (2), 89 – 201.

Bill of Rights

In the effort to ratify the Constitution from 1787 to 1788, the Federal father pledged to the state, so the Bill of Rights represents the oath of the United States of America. Many countries have created several conditions for ratification; amendment adjuncts compared to the central government can guarantee that citizens are protected like human rights security measures Integration is a way of protecting these countries It is a means of fundamental command of the people, they themselves are shocked by the center The English Bill of Rights was founded in 1689, the American Bill of Rights was founded in 1789. After a long absence, the American Bill of Rights was influenced by Britain. Let's start with the British Rights Banquet, which was created after the glorious revolution that overturned the King of James II and replaced him with his daughter Mary and her husband, William Orange. The English Bill of Rights in the UK was written by the Special Council and stated the mistake of King James 1, including the permission of free elections, the arrest of peaceful protesters, the application of cruel punishment. The bill also limits the official authority including the right to claim the king, the right to carry weapons, the free election of parliamentarians, freedom of speech by parliamentarians, and any ban on the establishment of the Catholic Church. A church The British Parliament enacted the Bill of Rights in 1689. The Bill of Rights in 1689 provides ordinary parliament, free elections, rules of freedom of speech in parliament, and restrictions on the power of the monarch. Unlike most other European countries (like the 1688 glory revolution) it guarantees that the royal absolute doctrine will not beat. 1707: The first British parliament was formed under federal law 1707 after the merger of the Kingdom of England and the Scottish Kingdom. From 1721 to 1842, Robert Walpole was regarded as the first prime minister of the UK, served as the chairman of the Cabinet Gen eral Assembly, appointed all other ministers, and formulated the theory of unification of the cabinet. In 1689 the Bill of Rights was complemented in England by the Settlement Act of 1701, in Scotland, claims were supplemented by Union Act 1707. The Bill of Rights and the Claims Act seriously contribute to the establishment of the UK. The advantage of Congress, and the reduction of the right of monarchy. They solved the political and religious confusion that impacted Scotland, UK, Ireland mainly in the 17th century. Two main reasons for the legislation and claim right to establish British Constitution Bill of rights The government has moral obligations to serve people and protect their rights, freedom and wealth.The Constitution was enacted to establish a more powerful central government to protect people's rights.The author of the Convention Although it aims at securing the safety of citizen's rights, most modifications are applied to daily life but can not be realized.Right and revision IV protect citizens from unfair search and seizure I will. In 1791, the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution. The Bill of Rights is the first 10 amendments to our Constitution. The Bill of Rights guarantees certain rights of citizens. These rights include freedom of speech and religion, the right to have weapons, the right to put soldiers at home, and the right to search unfairly. The Bill of Rights limits the power of our government. Therefore, these two documents limit what the government can do. What is the similarity between Magna Carta and Bill of rights? Is there another piece of paper considered to be a two-dimensional object or a three-dimensional object? The UK Human Rights Act and the Bill of Rights have similarities and differences. Both documents guarantee citizen's specific freedom. In our Bill of Rights, some of the rights of citizens, such as freedom of speech and religion, the right to possess weapons, the right to arrange soldiers at home, and rights are guaranteed. To avoid unfair search by the government. These are individual rights The UK Bill of Rights is a legislation that protects specific rights of British citizens from the influence of the king. Subsequently, the Bill of Rights was added to Solution in 1701. Both of these bills help to establish Congress 'sovereignty, give absolute sovereignty to Congress' parliament, and become the best right among all other government agencies. The Bill of Rights also reduced many of the powers of kingdom power. Indeed, the US Bill of Rights is based on the British Rights Bibliography. Bill of Rights In 1791, the Bill of Rights including 10 amendments was approved as a constitution. The purpose of this document is to clarify freedom of those who can not infringe by the government. Many think that this will be necessary, and the Bill of Rights is responsible for two different factions, intense debate among federalists and anti-Federalists. Federalists think that a new alliance should be established by a strong central government and individual local governments. Definition of the English Bill of Rights in 1689 The meaning and definition of the English Bill of Rights in Britain: The English Bill of Rights in 1689 was a British law, passed by the British Parliament in 1689 and declared people's rights and freedoms. After James II was defeated in 1688, William and Mary inherited the 1688 glory revolution. Â ¿ Parliamentary elections and free elections frequently held in 1/2 parliament - Freedom of speech should be enjoyed in Congress - We should not propose troops at peace - we can not collect tax without the authority of Congress - More fine, cruel and unusual punishment The British Parliament enacted the Bill of Rights in 1689. The Bill of Rights in 1689 provides ordinary parliament, free elections, rules of freedom of speech in parliament, and restrictions on the power of the monarch. Unlike most other European countries (like the 1688 glory revolution) it guarantees that the royal absolute doctrine will not beat. 1707: The first British parliament was formed under federal law 1707 after the merger of the Kingdom of England and the Scottish Kingdom. From 1721 to 1842, Robert Walpole was regarded as the first prime minister of the UK, served as the chairman of the Cabinet General Assembly, appointed all other ministers, and formulated the theory of unification of the cabinet. Bill of Rights In 1791, the Bill of Rights including 10 amendments was approved as a constitution. The purpose of this document is to clarify freedom of those who can not infringe by the government. Many think that this will be necessary, and the Bill of Rights is responsible for two different factions, intense debate among federalists and anti-Federalists. Federalists think that a new alliance should be established by a strong central government and individual local governments. Definition of the English Bill of Rights in 1689 The meaning and definition of the English Bill of Rights in Britain: The English Bill of Rights in 1689 was a British law, passed by the British Parliament in 1689 and declared people's rights and freedoms. After James II was defeated in 1688, William and Mary inherited the 1688 glory revolution. Â ¿ Parliamentary elections and free elections frequently held in 1/2 parliament - Freedom of speech should be enjoyed in Congress - We should not propose troops at peace - we can not collect tax without the authority of Congress - More fine, cruel and unusual punishment The British Parliament enacted the Bill of Rights in 1689. The Bill of Rights in 1689 provides ordinary parliament, free elections, rules of freedom of speech in parliament, and restrictions on the power of the monarch. Unlike most other European countries (like the 1688 glory revolution) it guarantees that the royal absolute doctrine will not beat. 1707: The first British parliament was formed under federal law 1707 after the merger of the Kingdom of England and the Scottish Kingdom. From 1721 to 1842, Robert Walpole was regarded as the first prime minister of the UK, served as the chairman of the Cabinet General Assembly, appointed all other ministers, and formulated the theory of unification of the cabinet.

T-Test and Chi-Test Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

T-Test and Chi-Test - Assignment Example It is scientifically proven by Ridley (1999) the fact that men and women are different from each other. And they also differ in their motivational styles. Still, employment agencies will have to disregard the gender when it comes to a job working, so the aim of the employers are to motivate them using different tools that are available for them to use their abilities. The research that was carried out by Wiedner (1998) regarding personality type, etc. presented as determinants of job satisfaction has scrutinized the other factors such as age, educational level, sex, and the part-time and full-time status of the worker. And the one-way analysis of variance has been computed to determine if there are significant differences among the pay satisfaction levels. As the null hypothesis believed that there is no significant difference among the three shift categories. While on the other hand, the alternative hypothesis states that there is significance that exists on at least one of pair. Th is is just the same with the study in Unit 1, but the variance indicates that there is an insignificant difference that the level of education did not have the critical impact on their perception of equity on their perception of equity on pay. Here our finding is that there is a significant relationship in the differences between men and women regarding job satisfaction. As we observe from the first regression. And on the table we made, we have come up with a perfect correlation indicating that we have a positive result. There came the difference between the two regressions. When x and y switch, the result was changed. As the formula was: y = bx+a/y to get they we cross multiply the equation this way y = bx + a.   1 Y Their both sums came to become different and they both contrasts with each other since their composition was changed. They now represent another equation. The conclusion somewhat came to be undecided since it's different to explain both regressions with different dat a in it.

Literature - Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, The Picture of Dorian Gray and The Essay

Literature - Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, The Picture of Dorian Gray and The Time Machine - Essay Example In describing the human experience during the fin de seicle era, sociologist Marshall Berman says â€Å"they are moved at once by a will to change – to transform both themselves and their world – and by a terror of disorientation and disintegration, of life falling apart† (Berman, 1982). Through this statement, it is easy to see the conflicting emotions of an individual experiencing the type of rapid change that has characterized society since this period. As the people living during this period became more familiar with the concepts of Sigmund Freud and the hidden recesses of the mind and the ideas of Charles Darwin and the processes of natural selection and evolution, it became a necessity to examine the beliefs and customs of their inner selves. No longer was the world considered stable so the only center of gravity had to be found within, yet the world within was even more threatening. Many of the old values were shifting as factories rose and cities were bui lt. Women were gaining new freedoms and the old aristocracy, with its life of leisure and waste, was slowly falling into disrepute as enterprising and hard-working individuals from the lower classes began to make names for themselves, building up a middle class that valued work above play and based wealth upon monetary measures rather than the size of one’s property holdings. The resulting clash of values also constituted a meeting between the self and the other, as landed gentry struggled to come to grips with the new boldness of the rising middle class. It was during the fin de seicle era in particular that the question of the inner nature of man and his ultimate direction in life were made the focus of scientific study at the same time that the pace and direction of life were thrown into chaos, explaining this period’s fascination with the concept of the monstrous. The novel The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, written by Robert Louis Stevenson in 1886, presents the ultimate

Sorrow Essay -- Sadness Sorrow

Sorrow   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whether it is getting a bad grade in English class, leaving home to go to college, or losing a loved one, we all experience sorrow. Sorrow a pain or distress of the mind caused by a loss or misfortune. It is a part of life that we all must learn to deal with. People cope with sorrow in different ways. Certain people let every misfortune that they encounter get to them. They flip out if they get a C on one of the many minute assignments in a class. If they get a traffic ticket, they think the world is coming to the end. People who deal with sorrow like this are not being reasonable. Do these people believe these minor flaws in their day-to-day living are going to have a life long affect on them? They do not have to be sad, but they choose to be.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One day I got my second traffic ticket in my first year of driving. As soon as I looked into my rear view mirror and saw the officer turn on his flashing lights, my heart sank into my stomach. The officer asked if I knew why I was being stopped. I was speeding and I knew it. The officer went back to the car and began to write the ticket, while I was sitting in my car thinking. At first I thought about how much trouble I was going to be in and how much money it was going to cost me. I was very depressed. Then I got to thinking. What's the big deal? It's just a little traffic ticket. Sure, I may get in trouble, but who cares? It's just a small detail in my life. I can whine and complain, or I can foc...

Lord of the Rings: the Ring’s Addiction Essay

â€Å"One ring to rule them all, One ring to find them/ One ring to bring them all and in the darkness blind them/ In the land of Mordor where the shadows lie.† (p. 8) This was said at the beginning of the story telling a brief summary of the ring of Sauron. The poem tells you how the ring will blind you to the point that the need that you will feel of it will be bigger than anything in the world. It will be so big that it becomes an addiction, worse than any drug in the word, because there is no cure for it, and the only way you can save yourself is by the destruction of this powerful ring. Addiction, this is what the ring symbolizes; a psychological need to have something. It changes everything in you. First, it wins you over and then, you will never be the same person. Addiction can change anyone from the best person you have ever known to the worst. It controls and blinds you to the point where you lose yourself. We see this addiction mostly in every character in the story; even the most powerful were tempted by it. In the book we see the addiction of the ring in many different ways throughout many different characters; three of these different ways are: the possession of it, the fear of losing it, and the wanting of it. We first see the change of the characters when they have in possession of it throughout Gollum and Bilbo, then throughout the story we begin to see it in Frodo, but it will grow stronger and stronger every second of every day. Gollum wasn’t always this repulsive creature, but he was a regular hobbit named Smeagol; he was just another victim of the ring. He possessed the ring for approximately five hundred years, and not much of a surprise this ring ruined him fiscally and emotionally. The fist terrible thing he did for the possession of the ring was to kill his brother; then he went to a cave and stood there all alone with only the company of â€Å"his precious†, the ring of Sauron. He turned from this hobbit to an old deformed nasty creature who was kept alive because of the ring, he became a cannibal, he only lived to see that ring every day, and since the first time he saw the ring he was just another slave, another addict to that â€Å"drug†. He now has two sides, Gollum and Smeagol. Gollum was his nasty evil side who was created by the ring and the possession of it for so long, and Smeagol was his still hobbit side which was innocent and in a way bullied and ruled by Gollum; he was a slave in him own body and he couldn’t control himself anymore, because he was loosing sense of who he was. Some may say Gollum is pure evil and deserved to die, like Frodo said at the beginning of the story. We see in the story that Tolkien never referred to Gollum as Smeagol because even though he may fool others and even himself Gollum had evil in him, and that would never change. We also see changes in Bilbo Baggins, but not as big as a change like we see in Smeagol, maybe because Smeagol had it for a longer time and was all alone in a cave for several years. Bilbo’s change wasn’t so big, he had to feel the ring close to him always but he didn’t lose himself as much as Smeagol. This doesn’t change the fact that he was obsessed by the ring. In â€Å"The Fellowship of the Ring† we see Bilbo’s change when Gandalf asks him to leave to ring to Bilbo as he has left everything else, and because of that Bilbo shouts to Gandalf, â€Å"Well, if you want the ring yourself say so! But you won’t get it. I won’t give my Precious away, I tell you.†(p. 34). This is when we see that hint of Gollum in Bilbo, when he calls the ring his Preci ous, a clear sign that he is transforming into Gollum one day at a time. Gandalf was very shocked and got very angry because he could not believe what he heard and how his old friend Bilbo believes he was convincing him to leave the ring for his own pleasure, when he was only trying to convince him so that he would not turn into Gollum or anything near him (but he almost did). He finally left the ring to his nephew, but with Frodo we don’t actually see a change in him throughout these two books but we do see how the ring is temping him to put it on so Sauron can find it, we also see how Frodo is very protective of the ring, such as Bilbo and Gollum, who thought that everyone was going to take it away from them (and sometimes, actually most of the time it was a true feeling). Another change we see because of this addiction is the fear of losing it. Like all Drug addicts, when you don’t have the drug, and you desperately need it you transform into another person who would do anything to have the â€Å"drug† (in this case the ring); again, the best example for this is Gollum who even after losing the ring always followed Frodo through the entire story with the hope of having the chance of taking the ring back so he can again be with â€Å"his preciousâ€Å". In the book we see that in many parts Frodo and others of the company like Gandalf and Strider see a shadow of a creature following them and in time Gandalf explained that it is actually Gollum. He will never accept the fact that the ring is with someone else because he needs it, he needs his drug. Finally the last type of addiction we see is the wanting of the ring. We see this addiction in many characters, even in people in the company of the ring especially in Boromir the general of Gondor. We see the this need of Boromir in taking the ring away from Frodo mostly at the end of the story when he transforms himself into this violent person because he wanted the ring from Frodo supposedly to save his people. Two of the most impressive changes we see in Gandalf and Galadriel, but their wills were strong enough to pass the test and succeed in denying the ring. In Gandalf we see it at the beginning of the story when Frodo was very scared and offers Gandalf this powerful ring. Even though he was very tempted by the ring in the book he said, â€Å"No! With that power I should have power too great and terrible. And over me the ring will gain a power still greater and more deadly† (p. 61). This showed how strong he really was and with this he passed the test. With Galadriel we see it later in the book when Frodo said to her, â€Å"You are wise and fearless and fair, Lady Galadriel. I will give you the one ring if you ask for it.† (p. 365). After this she explains that her heart desires the ring very much and now she is being offered it freely by Frodo and then she said, â€Å"†¦And I shall not be dark, but beautiful and terrible as the morning and the night! Fair as the sea and the sun and the snow upon the mountain! Dreadful as the storm and the lightning! Stronger than the foundations of the earth. All shall love me and despair.†(p. 365). She transformed herself as the ring was trying to control her, but she managed to control the urge of having the most powerful ring and passed the test. An addict can only save himself with the elimination of the drug and a strong will power to continue without it; this also applies to this powerful ring of Sauron; the only way to overcome this wanting is to have these qualities and much more. Because the ring is so powerful one person alone cannot succeed in destroying it, this is why the company of the ring was created. Throughout the story many people wanted Frodo to fail just so they could get the ring, this was how strong the addiction was, but there would always be those who their will power was strong enough to succeed, and those few are the ones who will accompany you to the end; these few are a need in adventures like this, because the ring is so powerful that one person alone cannot do the job. In this case it was Samwise Gamgee who told Frodo in the story when he was planning to leave, â€Å"†¦All alone and without me to help you? I couldn’t have a borne it, it’s have been the death of me.†(p.406). T he little hobbit demonstrated how friendship can overcome any addiction in the world and that with the help of a true friend we can overcome every struggle and every blinding need that we would ever have. References: Tolkien J.R.R. (2005). The Lord of the Rings (50th anniversary). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Our Individual Identity Is Determined by What Others Think...

Identity and belonging - Expository Essay Our individual identity is determined by what others think of us. Our identity is comprised of inner qualities and outer representations of self. It consists of innumerable defining characteristics that make up the whole of who we are in any given moment. These fragments of self include our sexuality, gender, and sense of belonging to a particular culture, nation, religion, family, or some other group. Our identity includes our looks, personality, beliefs and fears. Each individual in society assigns themselves a particular role, whether it be as a mother, brother, retiree, performer, sportsman or as a part of their occupation, a doctor or lawyer. Often one’s entire sense of self is consumed by†¦show more content†¦Today more than ever we are being increasingly conditioned, influenced and bombarded by a multitude of messages and experiences about who to be and how to be. Current forms of social communication processes, particularly mainstream media, advertising, television and film, along with family, friends, teachers, political ag endas, religion, society’s rules, our perceptions, perspectives, interpretations and assumptions, and those of others, all play a part in creating our identity. †¨We seek and create our identity through these external influences, we all wear these masks and cloaks, so that we fit in with the world around us. The degree to which we choose our identity, versus having it imposed on us via external influence, is arguably a matter of consciousness and awareness. When we are unaware of the power of external influence we are akin to pieces of clay, being unconsciously molded to fit into the accepted or preferred norms of someone else’s reality. When we are aware we can take responsibility for the creation of our identity. We can make empowered choices that best serve our selves, rather than serve people and systems outside of ourselves. In Unpolished Gem, society plays a daunting role on Alice as she tries to change her way of thinking from a Chinese-Cambodian way of thi nking to a very different Australian way of thinking. As Alice starts her newShow MoreRelatedThe concept of social identity, social class,gender and ethnicity.1635 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Identity is the understanding of who we are, and reciprocally, other peoples understanding of themselves. Richard Jenkins believed that this social identity is achieved through socialization within social groups. He argued that by placing themselves in the role of others, people, particularly children, gain a greater understanding of the role that they should play. For example, a six-year-old girl playing mommy with her dolls will, as she gets into the role, begin to understand what a motherRead MoreCommunication through Fashion1777 Words   |  7 Pages1. Identity is peoples concepts of who they are, of what sort of people they are, and how they relate to others (Hogg and Abrams: 1988: 2) To gain knowledge of how we communicate to others through the way we dress, we have to first understand what identity is. Identity is what we choose to represent ourselves as, be that a gender identity, a sexual identity; it is completely up to the individual as a person to make that choice. Identity forms the basis of one’s pride and being accepted sociallyRead MoreNegritude Positive?1108 Words   |  5 Pagesmust we waste our time searching for our racial identity, heritage, and culture? Why waste our precious time searching for racial identity, when we could use that time to fight for equality between the races? You tell us, when we find our racial identity what then must we do with it? Continue to be restricted from doing certain things and going certain places because of our racial line? I agree with Du Bois’s argument, that racial identification is a hindrance and that it distracts us from the moreRead MoreAre Different Patterns Of Communication?1307 Words   |à ‚  6 Pages Are Different Patterns of Communication in Women and Men Innately Determined? In the piece, ‘Are Different Patterns of Communication in Women and Men Innately Determined’, Louann Brizendine, argues yes they are innately determined while, Brenda J. Allen, argues no, women and men are conditioned through social interactions based on power and position. In the creation and maintenance of the gender system, communication and gender are viewed as very important by feminists because language is a veryRead MorePersonal Response on Sexuality Identity1418 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Response on Sexuality Identity Lillian M. Floyd PSY/265 Lauren Lappe February 16.2014 A person’s sexual identity may seem like something obvious, something that should be an essential characteristic of our lives. However as we have found, these things are not always so simple, often finding that our sexual identity, is ever changing most of our lives. I have given my own identity some thought and I find for me it wasn’t easy. In this essayRead MoreIs BDSM Still Deviant1605 Words   |  7 PagesThe practice of BDSM has become a hot topic in our society lately since the book Fifty Shades of Grey went public in 2011. BDSM is an acronym for bondage/discipline, dominance/submission, and sadism /masochism. The term BDSM is defined as a variety of erotic practices involving power play. Now because this term does not cover everyone in the kink community, known as an umbrella term, people are now starting to use the term WIIWD, which stands for â€Å"What it is we do†. I will be using symbolic interactionRead MoreEssay about To Belong Not Necessarily to Identify1306 Words   |  6 PagesNECESSARILY TO IDENTIFY WITH IT In our social life, each person has one’s own roles and responsibilities, attitudes and values. Since every individual is unique and distinct compared to one another, these elements that construct our individuality are not always similar. Similarities and reflection of our values make us belong to a group, but the differences are barriers that stop ourselves from being recognized as an indivisible part of it. Belonging and identity are inseparable; nonetheless, thereRead MoreJohn Hick argues that human beings are psychophysical persons938 Words   |  4 Pagesevidence for life after death. He says the soul cannot be destroyed, unlike the body. Hicks believe man is not an immortal soul attached to a predetermined body, but man is a mortal with a psychophysical life that has to rely on God. To explain what Hicks means, he uses John Smith, a man who disappears from the U.S. and is the same person in India at the same time. Since John Smith is exactly the same people would ha ve to accept him as such. Hick then proceeds to say that if John Smith diedRead MoreEvaluate the Claim That Identity Is Determined by Relationships1699 Words   |  7 Pagesclaim that Identity is determined by relationships Essay Plan First Paragraph Introduction Define Identity Quote Changing identities Gender identity Mines (DVD) Second Paragraph New mothers Gous quote Quote pg 254, 269 and 265 Body image Racial – Fanon - 278 Third Paragraph Social psychology Michael Billig – quote 274 National Identity – 212 Freud - quote Fourth Paragraph Conclusion Quote – 252 Erik Erikson Evaluate the claim that Identity is determined by relationships Read MoreThe Brain And Mind Identity1608 Words   |  7 Pageshave a mind? The brain sends and receives information by electrical impulses around the human body allowing us to see, move, feel, hear and think. If the brain is removed from the human body these impulses will cease, thus there will be no mind. Philosophers like Place, Smart, and Armstrong support this claim through the notion of identify theory and type physicalism. Brain and mind identity is a very controversial topic with some philosophers arguing that because people can have knowledge of a specific