The Story of Space Chimps

It might come as a surprise to learn that the first living beings to fly to space werent humans, but instead were primates, dogs, mice, and insects. Why spend time and money to fly these beings to space?   Flying in space is a dangerous business. Long before the first humans left the planet to explore low-Earth orbit and go to the Moon, mission planners needed to test the flight hardware. They had to work out the challenges of getting humans safely to space and back, but didnt know whether or not humans could survive long periods of weightlessness or the effects of hard acceleration to get off the planet. So, U.S. and Russian scientists used monkeys, chimps, and dogs, as well as mice and insects to learn more about how living beings could survive the flight. While chimps no longer fly, smaller animals such as mice and insects continue to fly in space (aboard the ISS).   The Space Monkey Timeline Animal flight testing didnt begin with the Space Age. It actually started about a decade earlier. On June 11, 1948, a V-2 Blossom was launched from White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico carrying the first monkey astronaut, Albert I, a rhesus monkey. He flew to over 63 km (39 miles) but died of suffocation during the flight, an unsung hero of animal astronauts. Three days later, a second V-2 flight carrying a live Air Force Aeromedical Laboratory monkey, Albert II, got up to 83 miles (technically making him the first monkey in space). Unfortunately, he died when his craft crash-landed on re-entry. The third V2 monkey flight, carrying Albert III launched on September 16, 1949. He died when his rocket exploded at 35,000 feet. On December 12, 1949, the last V-2 monkey flight was launched at White Sands. Albert IV, attached to monitoring instruments, made  a successful flight, reaching 130.6 km., with no ill effects on Albert IV. Unfortunately, he also died on impact.   Other missile tests took place with animals, too. Yorick, a monkey, and 11 mouse crewmates were recovered after an Aerobee missile flight up to 236,000 feet at Holloman Air Force Base in southern New Mexico. Yorick enjoyed a bit of fame as the press covered his ability to live through a space flight. The next May, two Philippine monkeys, Patricia and Mike, were enclosed in an Aerobee. Researchers placed Patricia in a seated position while her partner Mike was prone, to test the differences during rapid acceleration. Keeping the primates company were two white mice, Mildred and Albert. They rode to space inside a slowly rotating drum. Fired 36 miles up at a speed of 2,000 mph, the two monkeys were the first primates to reach such a high altitude. The capsule was recovered safely by descending with a parachute. Both monkeys moved to the both at the National Zoological Park in Washington, DC and eventually died of natural causes, Patricia two years later and Mike in 1967. Theres no reco rd of how Mildred and Albert did.   The USSR Also Did Animal Testing in Space Meanwhile,  the USSR watched these experiments with interest. When they started experiments with living creatures, they primarily worked with dogs. Their most famous animal cosmonaut was Laika, the dog. (See Dogs in Space.) She made a successful ascent, but died a few hours later due to extreme heat in her spacecraft.   The year after the USSR launched Laika,  the U.S. flew Gordo, a squirrel monkey, 600 miles high in a Jupiter rocket. As later human astronauts would, Gordo splashed down in the Atlantic ocean. Unfortunately, while signals on his respiration and heartbeat proved humans could withstand a similar trip, a flotation mechanism failed and his capsule was never found. On May 28, 1959, Able and Baker were launched in the nose cone of an Army Jupiter missile. They rose to an altitude of 300 miles and were recovered unharmed. Unfortunately, Able did not live very long as she died from complications of surgery to remove an electrode on June 1. Baker died of kidney failure in 1984 at the age of 27. Soon after Able and Baker flew, Sam, a rhesus monkey (named after the Air Force School of Aviation Medicine (SAM)), launched on December 4th on board the  Mercury spacecraft. Approximately one minute into the flight, traveling at a speed of 3,685  mph, the Mercury capsule aborted from the Little Joe launch vehicle. The spacecraft landed safely and Sam was recovered with no ill effects. He lived a good long life and died in 1982. Sams mate, Miss Sam, another rhesus monkey, was launched on January 21, 1960. Her  Mercury capsule attained a velocity of 1,800  mph and an altitude of nine miles. After landing in the Atlantic Ocean, Miss Sam was retrieved in overall good condition.   On January 31, 1961, the first space chimp was launched. Ham, whose name was an acronym for  Holloman  Aero  Med, went up on a Mercury  Redstone rocket  on a sub-orbital flight very similar to Alan Shepards. He splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean sixty miles from the recovery ship and experienced a total of 6.6 minutes of  weightlessness  during a 16.5-minute flight. A post-flight medical examination found Ham to be slightly fatigued and dehydrated. His mission paved the way for the successful launch of Americas first human astronaut, Alan B. Shepard, Jr., on May 5, 1961. Ham lived at the Washington Zoo until September 25, 1980. He died in 1983, and his body is now at the International Space Hall of Fame in Alamogordo, New Mexico. The next primate launch was with Goliath, a one-and-a-half-pound squirrel monkey. He was launched in an Air Force Atlas E rocket on November 10, 1961. He died when the rocket was destroyed 35 seconds after launch. The next of the space chimps was Enos. He orbited Earth on November 29, 1961, aboard the  NASA  Mercury-Atlas rocket. Originally he was supposed to orbit the Earth three times, but due to a malfunctioning thruster and other technical difficulties, flight controllers were forced to terminate Enos flight after two orbits. Enos landed in the recovery area and was picked up 75 minutes after splashdown. He was found to be in good overall condition and both he and the  Mercury  spacecraft performed well. Enos died at Holloman Air Force Base 11 months after his flight. From 1973 to 1996, the Soviet Union, later Russia, launched a series of life sciences satellites called  Bion. These missions were under the  Kosmos  umbrella name and used for a variety of different satellites including spy satellites. The first  Bion  launch was Kosmos 605 launched on October 31, 1973.   Later missions carried pairs of monkeys.  Bion 6/Kosmos 1514  was launched December 14, 1983, and carried Abrek and Bion on a five-day flight.  Bion 7/Kosmos 1667  was launched July 10, 1985 and carried the monkeys Verny (Faithful) and Gordy (Proud) on a seven-day flight.  Bion 8/Kosmos 1887  was launched September 29, 1987, and carried the monkeys Yerosha (Drowsy) and Dryoma (Shaggy).   The age of primate testing ended with the Space Race, but today, animals still fly to space as part of experiments on board the International Space Station. They are usually mice or insects, and their progress in weightlessness is carefully charted by the astronauts working on the station.   Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Apple Marketing Portfolio Mac Computers Essay - 1240 Words

Apple Marketing Portfolio: Mac Computers Apple is a multibillion-dollar company that we thought would be very useful to analyze since they have had so much success with their products and marketing techniques, specifically the Mac computers. We saw the opportunity to learn a lot from their different marketing approaches and strategies with their computers against the competitors. Steven Jobs and Stephen Wosniak created Apple in 1976. The two young entrepreneurs probably would have never thought their company would be so successful. They first came out with a microcomputer, which was used mostly by hobbyists and had little success. It wasn’t until 1977 when Jobs and Wosniak introduced to the world the Apple 2 that they tasted any form†¦show more content†¦Constantly hard at work to develop new ways to simplify their computers the two men introduced the first I-Mac in 1998, a computer that would change the tech world forever. Since the I-Mac, Apple has been constantly r evamping, recreating, adding bells and whistles and simplifying their computers in the best ways they can find. They not only became successful with their I-Mac but Apple decided in 2001 to come out with other Apple products such as the I-pod, different computer software, I-tunes, and most recently the company has come out with the ever so popular I-phone, a phone that combines the features of numerous electronic devices. The ever-expanding business has grown and has been recognized worldwide as the leader in computer design. Making the Apple even more appealing to more consumers it has recently partnered up with Intel, allowing for PC users to switch over to Macs with ease. Apple seems to have their marketing strategies and techniques down to a science. They seem to manage uncontrollable marketing pressures in areas such as social, economic, technological, competitive and legal challenges with success. Social Environment: Apple has researched the uncontrollable social environment s o effectively that they perhaps border on controlling it. There ability to adapt to changes in social pop-culture, and appeal to the current times and trends have earned them the sales they most definitely deserve. One cannot not deny theShow MoreRelatedApple Inc. : An American Technology Company Operating Worldwide1130 Words   |  5 PagesApple Inc. Apple Inc. is an American technology company operating worldwide. It was created by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Waynein in 1976 in Cupertino, California where its headquarters are still located. The company currently designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services. Apple Inc. was originally founded with the aim to develop and sell personal computers. On January 3, 1977 the company was incorporated as Apple Computer, Inc. and on JanuaryRead MoreApple Inc. Steve Jobs1431 Words   |  6 Pages APPLE INC. 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Business Law Exemption Clause Free Essays

An exemption is a clause in a contract that exempts or removes liability from one or both parties in certain circumstances. Exemption clauses are used frequently in business organization contract. These clauses apportion risk between the parties concerned and the law upholds them, assuming the parties negotiated them while drafting the contract 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Law: Exemption Clause or any similar topic only for you Order Now The two ways in which exemption clauses can be incorporated in a contract are: (1) Incorporation by notice and (2) Incorporation by signature. 3. I would first ask X if he was notified of the hotel’s policy while, he was checking in. If He was informed of a policy to secure valuables at the front desk, then he was responsible for his losses and Y had no obligation to reimburse him for his losses. However, if he was not informed of Y’s policy on securing valuables while checking in then he was entitled to be reimburses by Y. He is entitled for reimbursement because the notice in the room did not form part of the contract between himself and Y. He became aware of this policy after the contract was made and therefore it cannot form part of the contract. Y is therefore responsible for replacing his valuables. 4. Tim went to Danto Auto Rental to rent a minivan for his family trip in Maxboro Estate. He was notify that the Danto Auto Rental is not responsible for any damages inflicted to any occupant of the minivan cause by mechanical problems or any vehicle accident. Tim signed the document exempting Danto Auto Rental from liability case by mechanical problems or any vehicle accident. For an exemption to be upheld there must be sufficient notice of the exemption or the exemption must be incorporated by signature. This means that the exemption must be in a contract signed by both parties or a party must be made aware of the exemption clause in reasonable time or at the time of the contract. In this case the contract was made when Tim sign the rental documents. 5. An exemption clause must satisfy both the common law and statutory criteria. The courts in recent cases have, however, tended to concentrate on the statutory criteria. . Misrepresentation is: A statement of fact made by one party to contract (the representor) to the other (the representee) which, while not forming a term of the contract, is one of the reasons that induces the representee to enter into the contract. 7. In a misrepresentation case, for the courts to make its decision, it generally looks for the following two things in the representor’s statement: (1) Statement of fact and (2) Induceme nt. 8. In a case of Tim v Roy – T Company build concrete houses with plycemet backing instead of blocks. The marketing department of the company, market the houses as fully concrete. R purchase one of the houses from T Company at the cost you would pay for a fully concrete house. After living in the house for a month R found out that the house was not fully concrete. The plaintiff sued on grounds that he bought the house from the company because he thought the company was building fully concrete houses and he was deceived when they did not. In this case the information given by the Marketing department was of a fraudulent one therefore it was a fraudulent misrepresentation. When proving a fraudulent misrepresentation the plaintiff have to prove that the representor acted in a fraudulent manner or that they made the statement knowingly or without belief it was true or recklessly. All of the above was proven. Tanya’s Boutique v. Andrea Collins – In this case, Tanya gave wrong information concerning the originality and make of the dresses she sold in her boutique. This information was given based on facts that she got from the Dictoria Secret weekly which have a reputation from outstanding information on quality dresses. Andrea later found out that the dresses she bought was a knock-off and not an original. She returned the dresses and requested that her money be return. Tanya refused to return the money. In the case, the misrepresentation by Tanya could be classified, as innocent misrepresentation because she believed the dresses were original. Therefore, her burden had been discharge and her representation could be classified as innocent misrepresentation. 9. (a)(b)(c) Type of MisrepresentationRemedies Available 1FraudulentRescission damages 2Negligent (common law)Damages only 3Negligent (representor must show reasonable grounds to believe in the truth of the statement)Rescission damages 4InnocentRecession Indemnity 0. 1. Indemnity – Compensation for wrong done, or trouble, expense or loss incurred. An undertaking usually by deed to indemnify another. An indemnity can only claimed for loss arising from the entering into the contract and not for any consequential loss, which can only be claimed as damages. 2. Damages – The pecuniary satisfaction awarded by a judge or j ury in a civil action for the wrong suffered by the plaintiff. (Exemplary damages; nominal damages) Damages can be assessed either on a reliance basis or on an expectation basis. 3. Rescission – Putting a contract to an end or voiding a contract usually caused by some type of misrepresentation. It is an equitable remedy and therefore discretionary. It can be loss because of reaffirmation, lapse of time; restitution is no longer possible and a third party has gained an interest. Rescission can be lost where the subject matter of the contract cannot be restored to the representor, and where a third party has gained an interest in the goods. 4. Onus – Burden of proof 5. Contra Proferentem rule – States that any doubt or ambiguity in the wording of a clause will be construed against the person seeking to rely on it. How to cite Business Law: Exemption Clause, Papers

The Revolt Of The Poor free essay sample

# 8211 ; The Demise Of Intellectual Property Essay, Research Paper Sam Vaknin # 8217 ; s Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web SitesThree old ages ago I published a book of short narratives in Israel. The publication house belongs to Israel? s taking ( and extremely affluent ) newspaper. I signed a contract which stated that I am entitled to have 8 % of the income from the gross revenues of the book after committees collectible to distributers, stores, etc. A few months subsequently, I won the desired Prize of the Ministry of Education ( for abruptly prose ) . The choice money ( a few thousand DMs ) was snatched by the publication house on the legal evidences that all the money generated by the book belongs to them because they own the right of first publication. In the mythology generated by capitalist economy to lenify the multitudes, the myth of rational belongings stands out. It goes like this: if the rights to rational belongings were non defined and enforced, commercial enterprisers would non hold taken on the hazards associated with publication books, entering records and fixing multimedia merchandises. As a consequence, originative people will hold suffered because they will hold found no manner to do their plants accessible to the populace. Ultimately, it is the public which pays the monetary value of buccaneering, goes the chorus. But this is factually untrue. In the USA there is a really limited group of writers who really live by their pen. Merely choice instrumentalists eke out a life from their noisy career ( most of them rock stars who own their labels? George Michael had to contend Sony to make merely that ) and really few histrions come near to deducing subsistence flat income from their profession. All these can no longer be thought of every bit largely originative people. Forced to support thie rational belongings rights and the involvements of Big Money, Madonna, Michael Jackson, Schwarzenegger and Grisham are business communities at least every bit much as they are creative persons. Economically and rationally, we should anticipate that the costlier a work of art is to bring forth and the narrower its market? the more its rational belongings rights will be emphasized. See a publication house. A book which costs 50,000 DM to bring forth with a possible audience of 1000 buyers ( certain academic texts are like this ) ? would hold to be priced at a a lower limit of 100 DM to reimburse merely the direct costs. If illicitly copied ( thereby shriveling the possible market? some people will prefer to purchase the cheaper illegal transcripts ) ? its monetary value would hold to travel up prohibitively, therefore driving out possible purchasers. The narrative is different if a book costs 10,000 DM to bring forth and is priced at 20 DM a transcript with a possible readership of 1,000,000 readers. Piracy ( illegal copying ) will in this instance have been more readily tolerated as a fringy phenomenon. This is the theory. But the facts are tellingly different. The less the cost of production ( brought down by digital engineerings ) ? the fiercer the conflict against buccaneering. The bigger the market? the more force per unit area is applied to clamp down on the underground press enterpriser. Governments, from China to Macedonia, are presenting rational belongings Torahs ( under force per unit area from rich universe states ) and implementing them tardily. But where one mill is closed on shore ( as has been the instance in mainland China ) ? two sprout off shore ( as is the instance in Hong Kong and in Bulgaria ) . But this defies logic: the market today is immense, the costs of production and lower ( with the exclusion of the music and movie industries ) , the selling channels more legion ( half of the income of film studios emanates from picture cassette gross revenues ) , the speedy recouping of the investing virtually guaranteed. Furthermore, buccaneering thrives in really hapless markets in which the population would anyhow non hold paid the legal monetary value. The illegal merchandise is inferior to the legal transcript ( it comes with no literature, guarantees or support ) . So why should the large makers, publication houses, record companies, package companies and manner houses worry? The reply lurks in history. Intellectual belongings is a comparatively new impression. In the close yesteryear, no one considered cognition or the fruits of creativeness ( art, design ) as? patentable? , or as person # 8220 ; belongings? . The creative person was but a mere channel through which godly grace flowed. Texts, finds, innovations, plants of art and music, plan? all belonged to the community and could be replicated freely. True, the chosen 1s, the conduits, were honoured but were seldom financially rewarded. They were commissioned to bring forth their plants of art and were salaried, in most instances. Merely with the coming of the Industrial Revolution were the embryologic precursors of rational belongings introduced but they were still limited to industrial designs and procedures, chiefly as embedded in machinery. The patent was born. The more massified the market, the more sophisticated the gross revenues and selling techniques, the bigger the fiscal bets? the larger lo omed the issue of rational belongings. It spread from machinery to plan, procedures, books, newspapers, any printed affair, plants of art and music, movies ( which, at their beginning were non considered art ) , package, package embedded in hardware and even unto familial stuff. Intellectual belongings rights? despite their baronial rubric? are less about the mind and more about belongings. This is Large Money: the markets in rational belongings outweigh the entire industrial production in the universe. The purpose is to procure a monopoly on a specific work. This is an particularly sedate affair in academic publication where small- circulation magazines do non let their content to be quoted or published even for non-commercial intents. The monopolizers of cognition and rational merchandises can non let competition anyplace in the universe? because theirs is a universe market. A plagiarist in Skopje is in direct competition will Charge Gates. When selling a pirated Microsoft merchandise? he is striping Microsoft non merely of its income, but of a client ( =future income ) , of its monopolistic position ( inexpensive transcripts can be smuggled into other markets ) and of its competition-deterring image ( a major monopoly continuing plus ) . This is a menace which Microsoft can non digest. Hence its attempts to eliminate buccaneering # 8211 ; successful China and an arrant failure in legally-relaxed Russia. But what Microsoft fails to understand is that the job lies with its pricing policy? non with the plagiarists. When faced with a planetary market place, a company can follow one of two policies: either to set the monetary value of its merchandises to a universe norm of buying power? or to utilize discretional pricing. A Macedonian with an mean monthly income of of 160 USD clearly can non afford to purchase the Encyclopaedia Encarta Deluxe. In America, 100 USD is the income generated in mean twenty-four hours # 8217 ; s work. In Macedonian footings, hence, the Encarta is 20 times more expensive. Either the monetary value should be lowered in the Macedonian market? or an mean universe monetary value should be fixed which will reflect an norm planetary buying power. Something must be done about it non merely from the economic point of position. Intellectual merchandises are really monetary value sensitive and extremely elastic. Lower monetary values will be more than compensated for by a much hello gher gross revenues volume. There is no other manner to explicate the plagiarist industries: obviously, at the right monetary value a batch of people are willing to purchase these merchandises. High monetary values are an inexplicit tradeoff favoring little, elect, choice, rich universe patronage. This raises a moral issue: are the kids of Macedonia less worthy of instruction and entree to the latest in human cognition and creative activity? Two developments threaten the hereafter of rational belongings rights. One is the Internet. Academicians? fed up with the monopolistic patterns of professional publications # 8211 ; already print at that place in large Numberss. I published a few book on the Internet and they can be freely downloaded by anyone who has a computing machine or a modem. There are electronic magazines, trade diaries, hoardings, professional publications, thousand of books are available full text. Hackers even made sites available from which it is possible to download whole package and multimedia merchandises. It is really easy and inexpensive to print in the Internet, the barriers to entry are virtually nil, excuse the wordplay. Web references are provided free of charge, authoring and printing package tools are incorporated in most word processors and browser applications. As the Internet acquires more impressive sound and picture capablenesss it will continue to endanger the monopoly of the record comp anies, the film studios and so on. The 2nd development is besides technological. The oft-vindicated Moore? s jurisprudence predicted the doubling of computing machine memory capacity every 18 months. But memory is merely one facet. Another is the rapid coincident progress on all technological foreparts. Miniaturization and coincident authorization of the tools available has made it possible for persons to emulate much larger scale organisations successfully. A individual individual, sitting at place with 5000 USD worth of equipment can to the full vie with the best merchandises of the best printing houses anyplace. Compact disc read-only memory can be written on, stamped and copied in house. A complete music studio with the latest in digital engineering has been condensed to the dimensions of a individual package. This will take to personal publication, personal music recording and the digitisation of fictile art. But this is merely one side of the narrative. The comparative advantage of the rational belongings corporation was non to be found entirely in its technological art. Rather it was in its huge pool of capital and its selling clout, market placement, gross revenues and distribution. Nowadays, anyone can publish an visually impressive book, utilizing the above-named inexpensive equipment. But in an age of an information oversupply, it is the selling, the media runs, the distribution and the gross revenues that used to find the economic result. This advantage, nevertheless, is besides being eroded. First, there is a psychological displacement, a reaction to the commercialisation of mind and spirit. Creative people are repelled by what they regard as an oligarchic constitution of institutionalised, lowest common denominator art and they are contending back. Second, the Internet is a immense ( 200 million people ) , genuinely widely distributed market with its ain selling channels freely available to all. Even by default, with a minimal investing, the likeliness of being seen by surprisingly big Numberss of consumers is high. I published one book the traditional manner? and another on the Internet. In 30 months, I have received 2500 written responses sing my electronic book. This means that good over 75,000 people read it ( the industry norm is a 3 % response rate and my Link Exchange metre indicates that 160,000 people visited the site by February 2000, with good over 630,000 feelings in the last 15 months entirely ) . It is a text edition ( in abnormal psychology ) ? and 75,000 people ( allow entirely 160,000 ) is a batch for this sort of publication. I am so satisfied that I am non certain that I will of all time see a traditional publishing house once more. Indeed, my following book is being published in the really same manner. The death of rational belongings has recently become copiously clear. The old rational belongings industries are contending tooth and nail to continue their monopolies ( patents, hallmarks, right of first publication ) and their cost advantages in fabrication and selling. But they are faced with three grim procedures which are likely to render their attempts vain: The Newspaper Packaging Print newspapers offer package trades of subsidised content ( sold for a nominal sum ) and subsidising advertisement. In other words, the advertizers pay for content formation and coevals and the reader has no pick but be exposed to commercial messages as he or she surveies the contents. This theoretical account # 8211 ; adopted earlier by wireless and telecasting # 8211 ; regulations the cyberspace now and will govern the radio cyberspace in the hereafter. Content will be made available free of all monetary charges. The consumer will pay by supplying his personal informations ( demographic informations, ingestion forms and penchants and so on ) and by being exposed to advertisement. Therefore, content Godheads will profit merely by sharing in the advertisement bar. They will happen it progressively hard to implement the old theoretical account of royalties paid for entree or ownership of rational belongings. The venerable ( and expensive ) # 8220 ; Encyclopaedia Britannica # 8221 ; is now to the full available online, free of charge. Its largesse is supported by advertisement. Disintermediation A batch of ink has been spilt sing this of import tendency. The remotion of beds of brokering and intermediation # 8211 ; chiefly on the fabrication and selling degrees # 8211 ; is a historic development ( though the continuance of a long term tendency ) . See music for case. Streaming sound on the cyberspace or MP3 files which the consumer can download will render the Cadmium obsolete. The cyberspace besides provides a locale for the selling of niche merchandises and reduces the barriers to entry antecedently imposed by the demand to prosecute in dearly-won selling ( # 8221 ; branding # 8221 ; ) runs and fabrication activities. This tendency is besides likely to reconstruct the balance between creative person and the commercial users of his merchandise. The very definition of # 8220 ; creative person # 8221 ; will spread out to include all originative people. Everyone will seek to separate oneself, to # 8220 ; trade name # 8221 ; himself and to auction her services, thoughts, merchandises, designs, experience, etc. This is a return to pre-industrial times when craftsmans ruled the economic scene. Work stableness will disappear and work mobility will increase in a landscape of switching commitments, caput hunting, distant coaction and similar labor market tendencies. Market FragmentationIn a disconnected market with a myriad of reciprocally sole market niches, consumer penchants and selling and gross revenues channels # 8211 ; economic systems of graduated table in fabrication and distribution are meaningless. Narrowcasting replaces broadcast medium, mass customization replaces mass production, a web of switching associations replaces the stiff owned-branch system. The decentralized, intrapreneurship-based corporation is a late response to these tendencies. The mega-corporation of the hereafter is more likely to move as a collective of start-ups than as a homogenous, unvarying ( and, to confederacy theoreticians, sinister ) steamroller it one time was.

Hell Description Essays - Contemporary Christian Music, David Meece

Hell Description Everything beyond the end of my nose was a total blur. I shook my head to clear my vision. An object began to focus less than ten yards away. The silhouette was almost like a person but too beastly to be human. Do my eyes deceive me? What is this place? Where am I? What's going on? "You are in hell, because you have sinned," a voice boomed out of nowhere. Who was this person and what is he talking about? He continued, "you were murdered a few hours ago. Look at yourself, you're covered in blood. See the bullet holes?" I looked down and tried to scream only in vain because I had lost my voice. "Don't worry about your voice," Minos boomed, "it'll be back in good time. But until then I need to find a suitable punishment for you." I need not go into why I was in hell because I know why I'm here and that's all that matters. "Well, while I'm thinking I'll let you experience two different levels of hell. You will have twenty-four hours to wander free and at the end of that time you will be sentenced." Well I didn't see myself having any other viable options. So I nodded my head, and Minos directed me towards a series of doors. All of these doors were unique in their own way. I saw some that were well decorated and others that looked like they came from the bottom of hell. But one door stood out over all the others. It appeared to be a set of elevator doors. This intrigued me most immensely. So I approached them with a bit of caution. I pushed the down button, as there was no up button. I assumed that this would be standard seeing as how I am in hell and I don't imagine that I'm going up from here. Immediately the elevator doors opened. I heard the sound of wandering music pouring from the elevator doors and I stepped in. The music was soothing at first then all of a sudden I hear another deep voice "going .... down?" This scared me, seconds later the floor beneath my feet disappeared. I began a free fall. As I was falling all of a sudden I began to scream. My voice was back! Splash! I landed in a huge pool of a gruesome liquid. It was thick, and was in it up past my knees and my entire body was soaked . I picked my hand up and after close analysis realized it was a huge pool of blood that I was laying in. I looked around and this whole place seemed so desolate. I thought I could see some light on the horizon. So I headed towards this place. As I walked the temperature grew colder and colder. I began to shiver and I could see my breath. I could feel my muscles beginning to atrophy. I finally saw a group of people. As I got there I fell into their arms. I looked around and I saw several familiar faces. I recognized two of them distinctly. One was the leader of the Heaven's Gate cult, and the other was Charles Manson. I asked Charlie, "what's going on here? Who is in this level of hell?" "This level is full of sociopaths, such as David Koresh and Jim Jones and we have Ted Kazinski and all people of that sort," explained Charlie. "Wow what are all those people doing here?" I exclaimed. "Well in this level of hell," he explained, "we are forced to wade through pools of the blood of all the people we killed. And eventually this place will fill up and we will perpetually drown in pools of blood. Every 100,000 years all the blood is drained and we start over." "Eeek, I don't like the sounds of that. Well do any of you interact socially with each other on this level," I enquired. "No actually we try not to socially interact as much as possible because we have such differing beliefs that we would try and kill each other," he replied. "Can you actually kill someone who is already dead? It seems like that would make you a worse person and then you would need to go lower into hell," I said inquisitively. "Well if we kill one another our own blood gets added to the vat and we only begin pain and suffering even sooner," Charlie answered. "This doesn't sound like

Free Essays on The Lord Of The Rings

‘The Lord Of The Rings’ series was written by J.R.R Tolkien and has been around for many generations. Despite being around for so long it is still a favourite amongst the majority of the community constantly being inside the top three best all time books. The movie for this series has been filmed and completed but it will not be released until December and that is only the first part, ‘The Fellowship of the Ring’, with the next two parts to be released at yearly intervals. This book has two titles. The main one, which is the title of the series, is ‘The Lord Of The Rings’. This is very significant to the story because Sauron, who is the main enemy, is the ‘Lord Of The Rings’. This is due to the fact that he has the power to control the nine magic rings but only if he has possession of the One Ring. The other title of the book is ‘The Fellowship Of The Ring’. This is the title for only this book in the trilogy with the other two being ‘The Two Towers’ and ‘The Return Of The King’. This first part of the story is titles ‘The Fellowship Of The Ring’ because during the story a ‘fellowship’, which is a selected group of nine, is formed to set out to destroy the Ruling Ring. This book is definitely a fantasy story although it is very believable. It contains ‘hobbits’, elves, dwarves, wizards, men (although they are not fictional) orcs and many other fictional characters. All these are in someway all connected whether they are friends or foes. Throughout the book all these races are depicted with such close detail they almost pop out of the book in front of you whilst reading. The book is also set in a different world called Middle-earth and a fantasy time that has gone through several eras including such times as the ‘Dark Age’ when evil ruled, although this time doesn’t occur in this book there are several references to it. If this story was set in the earth that we know it woul... Free Essays on The Lord Of The Rings Free Essays on The Lord Of The Rings ‘The Lord Of The Rings’ series was written by J.R.R Tolkien and has been around for many generations. Despite being around for so long it is still a favourite amongst the majority of the community constantly being inside the top three best all time books. The movie for this series has been filmed and completed but it will not be released until December and that is only the first part, ‘The Fellowship of the Ring’, with the next two parts to be released at yearly intervals. This book has two titles. The main one, which is the title of the series, is ‘The Lord Of The Rings’. This is very significant to the story because Sauron, who is the main enemy, is the ‘Lord Of The Rings’. This is due to the fact that he has the power to control the nine magic rings but only if he has possession of the One Ring. The other title of the book is ‘The Fellowship Of The Ring’. This is the title for only this book in the trilogy with the other two being ‘The Two Towers’ and ‘The Return Of The King’. This first part of the story is titles ‘The Fellowship Of The Ring’ because during the story a ‘fellowship’, which is a selected group of nine, is formed to set out to destroy the Ruling Ring. This book is definitely a fantasy story although it is very believable. It contains ‘hobbits’, elves, dwarves, wizards, men (although they are not fictional) orcs and many other fictional characters. All these are in someway all connected whether they are friends or foes. Throughout the book all these races are depicted with such close detail they almost pop out of the book in front of you whilst reading. The book is also set in a different world called Middle-earth and a fantasy time that has gone through several eras including such times as the ‘Dark Age’ when evil ruled, although this time doesn’t occur in this book there are several references to it. If this story was set in the earth that we know it woul...

Working thesis statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Working thesis statement - Essay Example In my earlier papers; one on Definition Essay which discussed fashion's negative impact on societies throughout history, and The Midterm Essay, wherein I discussed how the health and beauty industries have all along encouraged us to think of our bodies in terms of machines, I had maintained that health could not be compromised for the sake of appearance. To prove this, I quoted the names of Luisel Ramos and Ana Carolina Reston, who, seeking stardom and money, paid the supreme prize for their body abuse. Sad, but true, this is the life of models, who walk the ramps to the appeasement of a handful. In order to substantiate my argument that the two industries (Health and Beauty) in discussion have all along been more inclined to improve their personal interests, this research will take a look at what happens behind the scene. Fashion and beauty are but short-lived, life is not. Being identical to a Jane Fonda or an Arnold Schwarzenegger does not guarantee stardom or success. Every indiv idual on his or her own terms is as attractive as any other. It's all in the mind. Models have for long caught our attention as being pretty and sexy. The notion that men prefer women with a model's body is all wrong. Does this mean that women who are healthy are less attractive or pretty Definitely not! In fact, men prefer women with more flesh.

Compare and Contrast the Great Depression with the Recent Great Essay

Compare and Contrast the Great Depression with the Recent Great Recession - Essay Example Depression affected the economic sustainability of many nations which led to a steep increase in the unemployment rates along with the frequencies of bankruptcy in financial as well as agricultural sectors. According to various economists, the major causes which led to the great depression related to the fluctuations of stock markets along with divestments in the agricultural sectors. It is worth mentioning that according to the perceptions of various researchers, the breakdown of stock market in the year 1929, popularly known as Black Thursday, is one of the significant causes of great depression. It caused countless side effects, such as increased rate of poverty, infringed living standard, declined real GDP, turbulent financial sector, and highly unstable political system. In addition, the export-import activities of the nations were also hampered that significantly reduced the revenue earned through foreign trade and thus resulted in a drought condition of the economies (Michl, T . R., â€Å"Macroeconomic Theory†). On the other hand, a great recession is the cause of economic decline. The major causes for recession can be identified as the imbalanced distribution of resources, relaxation in the mortgage standards, and distortions in real estate market. Moreover, due to inflation, the oil prices also increased to a large extent all over the world leading to recession (Michl, T. R., â€Å"Macroeconomic Theory†). The AS-AD model depicts the relationship between Aggregate Demand (AD) and Aggregate Supply (AS). In a general AS-AD model, the determinants are Short Run Aggregate Supply Curve (SRAS), Long Run Aggregate Supply Curve (LRAS) and real GDP. In this model, price level is described on the vertical axis and the real GDP on the horizontal axis with the intention to depict the changes occurring in the two aspects in relation to the changes of AS and AD (Michl, T. R., â€Å"Macroeconomic Theory†). Figure 1: AS-AD Model in General Terms Sou rce: (Michl, T. R., â€Å"Macroeconomic Theory†). During great depression, a simultaneous decrease of AD, LRAS and SRAS curves can be witnessed. When the stock market crashed in 1929, it resulted in decline of real GDP, price level as well as sharp movement of LRAS and SRAS curves. In the below figure, it is clearly shown that due to depression, LRAS0 shifts downward to LRAS1,similar to the SRAS0 and AD0. Consequently, the price level also shifts from original P0 to P1 and real GDP from Q0 to Q1. This reveals that every component tends to be downward slopping during great depression which creates a negative impact on the price level as well as on the real GDP (Michl, T. R., â€Å"Macroeconomic Theory†). Figure 2: AS-AD Curve during Great Depression Source: (Michl, T. R., â€Å"Macroeconomic Theory†) On the other hand, during great recession, Aggregate Demand (AD) curve slopes downward on the SRAS curve which tends to decrease the price level and real GDP, result ing in contractionary gap between LRAS and AD causing a recession in the economic environment. In the figure below, it can be witnessed that due to recession AD0 shifts to AD1 quite sharply. As a result, the real GDP also falls from Q0 to Q1 as well as the price level (P) that shifts from P0 to P1 causing the contractionary gap (Michl, T. R., â€Å"Macroeconomic Theory†). Figure 3: AS-AD Model in Great Recession Source: (Michl, T. R., â€Å"Macroeconomic Theory†) On the similar context, the federal fiscal policy was also

Method of finance used by Chow Tai Fook and roles played by HSBC Assignment

Method of finance used by Chow Tai Fook and roles played by HSBC - Assignment Example Gold loans amounted to HK$ 2060.8 million, HK$ 2189.2 million and HK$ 3931.6 million for the financial years 2009, 2010 2011 respectively. Loans or advances from related parties which are due amounted to HK$ 4726.8 million, HK$ 4639.8 million and HK$ 7833.3 million for financial years 2009, 2010 and 2011 respectively. The unsecured bank borrowings of CTF primarily serve the purpose of financing working capital, purchase of materials, etc. CTFE guarantees some of these Honk Kong unsecured bank borrowings. Secured bank borrowings of CTF are totally guaranteed by CTFE and certain assets owned by related companies are held as security of these loans. The bank borrowings carry a variable interest rates ranging from 0.30 % to 1.25% per annum over HIBOR or 90-110 % of the PBOC lending rate benchmark per annum. The figures show that there was a significant increase in bank borrowings in the FY2011, primarily due to increase in inventory because of the expansion efforts of the company. Gold l oans include both secured and unsecured short term gold related facilities provided by major financial institutions of the world. The interest rates of gold loans are quite low ranging from 1.25% to 3.5% per annum. There was a significant increase in gold loans in the FY2011 attributed to the fact of increase in gold inventories and business expansion. Regarding advances from related parties, they are unsecured; carrying no interest charges and is repayable on demand. The related parties include the CTFE group and close family members of a director of the Company and an entity having common director of the Company. Until recently, CTF have made a global offering of 1,050,000,000 shares to raise its... This study will begin with the presentation of Chow Tai Fook Jewellery Group Limited. Chow Tai Fook is a leading brand worldwide engaged in different types of business which include property development, transportation, hotel, casino, jewelry, etc. It is an enterprise based in Hong Kong based. The brand name ‘Chow Tai Fook’ is most common Chinese speaking people. Since its foundation, Chow Tai Fook or CTF is a leader in its market segment and enjoys the top position in market share of PRC, as well as Hong Kong and Macau. CTF possess a very wide range of jewellery products with its main focus on producing high-end luxury jewellery items along with gem-set jewellery, platinum jewellery, watches, etc. The retail network of CTF is quite extensive with its points of sale (POS) of jewellery and watches spread all across PRC, Hong Kong and Macau, thus maximizing its exposure and taking sales to new heights every year. Authenticity and trustworthiness are the two main key aspect s on which the brand of CTF is recognized. CTF uses a vertically integrated model which is quite effective in having a good control over the entire business process. Hong Kong Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited or HSBC is one of the largest banks in the world and provide financial services globally across the world. HSBC is primarily involved in four global businesses. They are: a. Retail Banking and Wealth Management b. Commercial Banking c. Investment Banking and d. Global Private Banking.

Denial Of The Holocaust History Essay

Denial Of The Holocaust History Essay World War II was a difficult time to live in. Families all over the world were sending their husbands, sons, and brothers off to fight Adolf Hitler and his Nazis. But while they were fighting for peace, many others were fighting for their lives. In 1941, the beginning of a horrific event occurred; the Holocaust. It all began when the Nazis came into power in Germany. They believed that Germans were racially superior and that the Jews, deemed inferior, were an alien threat to the so-called German racial community (Holocaust Memorial). As a result the Jews were then placed in ghettos, concentration camps, or forced-labor camps where they either died from malnourishment, incarceration, maltreatment, or disease. Extermination of the Jews was an essential part of the gospel of Nazism and inherent in the core of its creed (Wigoder 450). Out of the seventy eight people in my family, I am the only one to survive. My parents had three boys and three girls: My parents were Jacob and Toby; my b rothers were Moishe and Baruch, and my sisters were Sarah, Rivka and Leah. They were all killed, claims Holocaust survivor Solomon Radasky (Quotes from Holocaust). By the end of the Holocaust, around six million Jews were killed. Even though there is substantial evidence that this event occured, there are many people in the world that believe the Holocaust never really happened. Holocaust denial began in 1979 when Willis Caro founded the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), the headquarters of Holocaust denial. Holocaust denial consists of claims that the genocide of Jews during World War II did not occur at all, or that it did not happen in the manner or to the extent historically recognized (Holocaust Denial). David Irving, a popular Holocaust denier, claimed in a speech in Portland, Oregon, Yes, hundreds of thousands of people were killed, but there were no factories of death (Representative Quotes). Deborah Lipstadt, an American historian, author and Holocaust denier, reports that a 1993 Roper Poll found that twenty two percent of American adults and twenty percent of American high school students believe that it is possible that the Holocaust didnt happen. A 1993 Newsweek poll found that a full forty percent of American adults express doubts regarding the generally accepted magnitude of the Holocaust (Austin). Key elements of Holocaust denial claims are the rejection of the following: that the German Nazi government had a policy of deliberately targeting Jews for extermination as a peo ple and that genocide was carried out at extermination camps using tools of mass murder, such as gas chambers (Holocaust Denial). In order to make their points, deniers concentrate on their opponents weak points, while rarely saying anything definitive about their own position. Holocaust deniers emphasize the inconsistencies between eyewitness accounts, for example (Shermer 212). Most believe that eyewitness accounts are very helpful when making an argument; they provide us with their experiences and thoughts on the matter. They tell us stories about what had happened to them, their friends, their families, and other people that went through the same experiences. But Elizabeth Loftus, a world-renowned memory expert and University of Washington psychology professor, found that an individuals memory is not as reliable as most of us think (182). As new bits and pieces of information are added into long-term memory, the old memories are removed, replaced, crumpled up, or shoved into corners (Loftus 20). Since this became a realistic possibility, many Holocaust deniers use this to their advantage by telling Holocaust survivors that what had happened to them was all in their imaginations; that it never occurred. For example, on March 14, 1994, Michael Shermer, th e author of Why People Believe Weird Things, went on the Phil Donahue show to discuss Holocaust denial with Bradley Smith and David Cole, two Holocaust deniers. They both focused on denying that gas chambers and crematoria were used for the mass murder of Jews. During the show, Smith made a statement that it was a lie about the Germans cooking Jews to make soup out of them. This claim sent a Holocaust survivor, Judith Berg, on the edge claiming that this statement was true. She went ballistic when Smith continued denying that what had happened to her and what she had seen for several months was the truth. Smith used her hysteria against her to make her appear as if she was lying. He twisted her words, as well as Shermers few attempted thoughts in the discussion, to help him prove his point. Another attacking point during this program was the discussion of gas chambers. Many survivors of the Holocaust talk about the gas chambers. Gas chambers are claimed to be one of the leading cause of death in concentration and extermination camps during the Holocaust. Judith Berg, the survivor that appeared on the Phil Donahue show, claimed she lived near the crematorium in Auschwitz, where she spent several months. I lived near the crematorium as far as I am from you. You would never eat roast chicken if you had been there (Phil). It is a wonder to many individuals how deniers can claim that the extermination of Jews by gas chambers never happened when these facilities still exist to this day (Shermer 227). One of the leading Holocaust deniers, Fred A. Leuchter, Americas leading specialist on the design and fabrication of execution equipment, was curious about the gas chambers. In 1988, Leuchter scraped samples from the gas chamber walls in Auschwitz, Birkenau and Lublin. Cyanide residue would be clearly evident on all these walls if gassings did occur. To his astonishment, Leuchter found no significant cyanide traces in any one of these rooms. In 1991, the Polish government repeated these tests to disprove Leuchters findings, but they as well found no evidence of any gassings ever occurring (Hoax). It also appeared that the structure of these gas chambers was also extremely faulty. The rooms apparently had ordinary doors and windows which are not sealed. There are large gaps between the floors and doors. If the Germans had attempted to gas anyone in these rooms, they would have died themselves, as the gas would have leaked and contaminated the entire area. Also, no equipment exists to exhaust the air-gas mixture from these buildings. Nothing was made to introduce or distribute the gas throughout the chambers. There are no provisions to prevent condensation of gas on the walls, floors or ceilings. No exhaust stacks have ever existed (Hoax). Not only do survivors claim that gas chambers existed but guards have confessed to the gassings as well. Pery Broad, an SS Unterscharfà ¼hrer, was captured by the British on May 6, 1945. After his capture, he wrote a memoir that was passed on to the British Intelligence Service. In his memoir, he described in detail the gassing procedure, including the use of Zyklon-B and the design of the undressing room, gas chambers, and crematorium (Shermer 230). Deniers dismiss confessions like Broads because they think the guards that have confessed to gassing were either coerced into a confession or made up the claim for bizarre psychological reasons. Broad also claimed that the gassing process only took about four minutes to complete. Deniers point this out because it is at odds with the statements of others, such as Commandant Hoess, who claim it was more like twenty minutes. Because of such discrepancies, deniers dismiss the account entirely. A dozen different accounts give a dozen differe nt figures for time of death by gassing, so deniers believe no one was gassed at all. Obviously, the gassing process would take different amounts of time due to variations in conditions such as temperature, the number of people, the room size and the amount of Zyklon-B poured into the room (230). It seems as though Holocaust deniers thrive on the inconsistencies of eyewitnesses to prove their points. Granted eyewitness accounts of the Holocaust may not be the best way to prove what happened since memory is lost or distorted with time. Elizabeth Loftus admits that eyewitness accounts are faulty because every time we recall an event, we must reconstruct the memory, and with each recollection the memory and reality may be changed colored by succeeding events, other peoples recollections or suggestionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Truth and reality, when seen through the filter of our memories, are not objective but subjective, interpretive realities (Loftus 20). But what Holocaust deniers forget is that there are plenty of other ways to prove that the Holocaust existed such as pictures, videos, and remnants from the facilities used during the Holocaust. There are not many of the above left due to the fact that the Nazis tried their best to conceal the crimes they had committed after the war. First, they limited the written record of their crime to a minimum. Second, they falsified the record, to the degree that technical and organizations made its existence necessary. And lastly, they destroyed the superfluous and the most incriminating part of the record, once it had served its purpose, in the final phase of the Third Reich. They destroyed not only documents, they also destroyed the mass killing apparatus and liquidated the witnesses (Denial). Although there is not as much evidence as there was during World War II, what remains is still enough to prove that it existed. If there is a museum dedicated to the Holocaust, how can anyone say that it doesnt exist? The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, found in Washington DC, is a living memorial to the Holocaust. It has exhibits containing more than 900 artifacts, 70 video monitors, and four theaters that include historic film footage. Some of the videos on display within the museum are of the experimentation as well as the execution that was performed on the Jews within concentration camps. These videos are graphic and disturbing to watch. During my visit to the Holocaust museum, some visitors may not find many of the exhibits moving or disturbing until they actually watch the videos, such as a video of the experimentations performed on the Jews. The one video that sticks out in my mind is the one about fertility and genetic experiments. The video showed graphic images of guards raping the women in the camps. Many found the video very disturbing and violating. In another part of the museum, they h ave a railcar that was used to transport Jews from their homes to the concentration camps; visitors can even walk through it. The museum also contains the barracks in which the Jews lived. They are just planks on top of supports, theres nothing really to them. Many Holocaust deniers believe that the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum has no proof whatever of homicidal gassing chambers, and no proof that even one individual was gassed in a German program of genocide (Phil). Although it is true that they do not show the actual gassing of Jews, they have written documents from the camps as well as the Shoe Room. This room contains hundreds of shoes from the undressing rooms of the gas chambers; you can still smell the feet of the individuals who wore them. Most who visit find the museum an amazing tribute to the Holocaust and that it captures the harsh reality of what the Holocaust was. Many know the saying, a picture is worth a thousand words. Well this is very true when it comes to pictures of the Holocaust. Although most photographic evidence of the Holocaust was destroyed by the Nazis towards the end of World War II, there are still plenty that remain. There are pictures of emaciated, naked bodies lying on top of one another in pits dug in the ground. The bodies in the pits were then burned to make room for more bodies. There are other pictures of naked women being lined up next to the pits with guards pointing guns at them; the women were then killed execution style and thrown into the pits with the other bodies. There are pictures of children smiling at cameras through barbed wire fences in stripped prisoners clothing. There are also plenty of pictures of men, women, and children waiting in line to be placed in gassing chambers, awaiting their death. With pictures such as these that remain, how can anyone deny the fact that an act as horrific as the Holocaust existed? Not only are there pictures of these horrific events, there is significant evidence that still exists today. The Memorial and Museum of Auschwitz-Birkenau still contains remnants of the gas chambers. Auschwitz is, in many ways, the main target of attacks by deniers, yet the denial of genocide, the existence of the gas chambers, and mass murder nevertheless extends to all the camps, the death camps, and, generally, the mass killing of the Jews (Denial). The gas chambers were used by authorities to delete traces of their awful crimes by burning bodies (Wigoder 190). The Leuchter Report, claimed that there was not enough hydrogen cyanide present in the existing gas chambers to prove that the Jews were killed there. He claimed that with how small the amount that was present, the Zyklon-B was only used for delousing purposes only. This is contradicted not only by statements from former prisoners and Auschwitz commandant himself. The basic German document on crematorium throughout, prepare d by the Central Construction Board in Auschwitz on June 28, 1943, states that the five crematoria in the Auschwitz and Birkenau camps, together, could burn four thousand seven hundred fifty six corpses in a twenty four-hour period. This document indicates that the Birkenau crematoria could burn 1.6 million bodies per year. This makes it clear that the Leuchter Report is nothing more than an attempt, concealed beneath an academic-looking smokescreen of graphs, analyses, and calculations, at misinforming readers who have no access to the scholarly literature (Denial). More proof of the existence of gas chambers exists in the remains of the floor plans for concentration camps. They are very clearly drawn and state the undressing, gassing, crematoria, and morgue rooms. With all of this evidence stacked up, it is obvious that gas chambers existed and were used in the extermination of Jews during the Holocaust. Today, we face an alarming rise in Holocaust denial and anti-Semitism-even in the very lands where the Holocaust happened-as well as genocide and threats of genocide in other parts of the world; all of this when we are soon approaching a time when Holocaust survivors and other eyewitnesses will no longer be alive (About). Holocaust deniers focus on the faultiness of eyewitness accounts. They may change with time, contradict each other, and may be too crazy to believe, but eyewitness testimonies are still keys to the past and to our worlds history. Although their experiences are important to the proof of the Holocaust, there is a large amount of other evidence that helps to prove its existence. The Nazis failed at trying to hide what the Holocaust was by attempting to destroy the concentration camps, documents, photographs, and videos. Their failure led to the creation of museums such as the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and The Memorial and Museum of Auschwitz-Birkenau that are dedicated to the memory of the Holocaust. The extermination of six million Jews is not a fallacy but a reality. The deniers may claim that only a few million were killed during the Holocaust, but then what happened to the other few million? It is not possible for two or three million people to just disappear of the face of the Earth. Deniers may claim that there were no gas chambers and that the chambers were only used for delousing due to the evidence that Fred Leuchter supposedly found. They also may claim that the museums have no video or photographic proof that Jews were gassed, but the proof the floor plans and documents that remain say otherwise. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and the Memorial and Museum of Auschwitz-Birkenau contain so many artifacts and evidence that Holocaust deniers can barely make a case. Holocaust deniers may think they are able to prove the Holocaust didnt exist, but the amount of evidence available proves otherwise.

Cubas Economic and Political Instability Essay examples -- History Ec

Cuba's Economic and Political Instability Cuba’s political instability and sugar-centered economy were the result of U.S. influence through the Platt Amendment and the various Sugar Acts and reciprocity treaties. Marifeli Perez-Stable takes this stance in her book The Cuban Revolution: Origins, Course, and Legacy in her interpretation of Cuban radical nationalism in the 1950’s. The domination of Cuba’s economy by the sugar industry was responsible for much of its wealth but also a great deal of its problems. While the sugar industry generally remained a profitable enterprise in the first half of the 20th Century, Cuba’s growth was hindered by her dependence on it. It fostered unemployment or underemployment, the standard of living was unable to rise, and attempts at diversification of the economy were unsuccessful. Yet without the income and investment sugar brought into Cuba, the economy would collapse. This is what Perez-Stable terms ‘the sugar conundrum’. The United States was the main market for Cuban sugar, and its trade policy perpetuated ‘the sugar conundrum’, discouraging diversification in agriculture or manufacturing. The influence of the United States in the political affairs of Cuba is a vital part of Perez-Stable’s interpretation. There was a constant need to negotiate with the United States to preserve Cuba’s preferred sugar trading status, and decisions made by the U.S. were of critical economic importance to Cubans. Therefore, even after Roosevelt abrogated the Platt Amendment in 1934, the wishes of the U.S. government were more influential than what was in the best interests of Cuba. For instance, corruption became rampant as the most honest of all Cuban political groups, the communists, lost political clou... ...n the words of Marti, that "The only fruitful and lasting peace and freedom are those accomplished by one’s own effort" (Manifesto, 130). References Castro, Fidel. "History Will Absolve Me", excerpt from The U.S., Cuba and the Cold War: American Failure or Communist Conspiracy? Ed. L. Langley, Lexington Mass, 1970. 26th of July Movement, "Program Manifesto of the 26th of July Movement", in Cuba in Revolution ed. R. Bonachea and Nelson Valdes, Garden City NJ, 1972. Guevara, Ernesto Che. "One Year of Armed Struggle", from Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War, trans. Victor Ortiz, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1968. Perez-Stable, Marifeli. The Cuban Revolution: Origins, Course, and Legacy. Oxford University Press, NY 1993. Paterson, Thomas G. Contesting Castro: The U.S. and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution. Oxford University Press, NY 1994.