The Story of Space Chimps

It might come as a surprise to learn that the first living beings to fly to space werent humans, but instead were primates, dogs, mice, and insects. Why spend time and money to fly these beings to space?   Flying in space is a dangerous business. Long before the first humans left the planet to explore low-Earth orbit and go to the Moon, mission planners needed to test the flight hardware. They had to work out the challenges of getting humans safely to space and back, but didnt know whether or not humans could survive long periods of weightlessness or the effects of hard acceleration to get off the planet. So, U.S. and Russian scientists used monkeys, chimps, and dogs, as well as mice and insects to learn more about how living beings could survive the flight. While chimps no longer fly, smaller animals such as mice and insects continue to fly in space (aboard the ISS).   The Space Monkey Timeline Animal flight testing didnt begin with the Space Age. It actually started about a decade earlier. On June 11, 1948, a V-2 Blossom was launched from White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico carrying the first monkey astronaut, Albert I, a rhesus monkey. He flew to over 63 km (39 miles) but died of suffocation during the flight, an unsung hero of animal astronauts. Three days later, a second V-2 flight carrying a live Air Force Aeromedical Laboratory monkey, Albert II, got up to 83 miles (technically making him the first monkey in space). Unfortunately, he died when his craft crash-landed on re-entry. The third V2 monkey flight, carrying Albert III launched on September 16, 1949. He died when his rocket exploded at 35,000 feet. On December 12, 1949, the last V-2 monkey flight was launched at White Sands. Albert IV, attached to monitoring instruments, made  a successful flight, reaching 130.6 km., with no ill effects on Albert IV. Unfortunately, he also died on impact.   Other missile tests took place with animals, too. Yorick, a monkey, and 11 mouse crewmates were recovered after an Aerobee missile flight up to 236,000 feet at Holloman Air Force Base in southern New Mexico. Yorick enjoyed a bit of fame as the press covered his ability to live through a space flight. The next May, two Philippine monkeys, Patricia and Mike, were enclosed in an Aerobee. Researchers placed Patricia in a seated position while her partner Mike was prone, to test the differences during rapid acceleration. Keeping the primates company were two white mice, Mildred and Albert. They rode to space inside a slowly rotating drum. Fired 36 miles up at a speed of 2,000 mph, the two monkeys were the first primates to reach such a high altitude. The capsule was recovered safely by descending with a parachute. Both monkeys moved to the both at the National Zoological Park in Washington, DC and eventually died of natural causes, Patricia two years later and Mike in 1967. Theres no reco rd of how Mildred and Albert did.   The USSR Also Did Animal Testing in Space Meanwhile,  the USSR watched these experiments with interest. When they started experiments with living creatures, they primarily worked with dogs. Their most famous animal cosmonaut was Laika, the dog. (See Dogs in Space.) She made a successful ascent, but died a few hours later due to extreme heat in her spacecraft.   The year after the USSR launched Laika,  the U.S. flew Gordo, a squirrel monkey, 600 miles high in a Jupiter rocket. As later human astronauts would, Gordo splashed down in the Atlantic ocean. Unfortunately, while signals on his respiration and heartbeat proved humans could withstand a similar trip, a flotation mechanism failed and his capsule was never found. On May 28, 1959, Able and Baker were launched in the nose cone of an Army Jupiter missile. They rose to an altitude of 300 miles and were recovered unharmed. Unfortunately, Able did not live very long as she died from complications of surgery to remove an electrode on June 1. Baker died of kidney failure in 1984 at the age of 27. Soon after Able and Baker flew, Sam, a rhesus monkey (named after the Air Force School of Aviation Medicine (SAM)), launched on December 4th on board the  Mercury spacecraft. Approximately one minute into the flight, traveling at a speed of 3,685  mph, the Mercury capsule aborted from the Little Joe launch vehicle. The spacecraft landed safely and Sam was recovered with no ill effects. He lived a good long life and died in 1982. Sams mate, Miss Sam, another rhesus monkey, was launched on January 21, 1960. Her  Mercury capsule attained a velocity of 1,800  mph and an altitude of nine miles. After landing in the Atlantic Ocean, Miss Sam was retrieved in overall good condition.   On January 31, 1961, the first space chimp was launched. Ham, whose name was an acronym for  Holloman  Aero  Med, went up on a Mercury  Redstone rocket  on a sub-orbital flight very similar to Alan Shepards. He splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean sixty miles from the recovery ship and experienced a total of 6.6 minutes of  weightlessness  during a 16.5-minute flight. A post-flight medical examination found Ham to be slightly fatigued and dehydrated. His mission paved the way for the successful launch of Americas first human astronaut, Alan B. Shepard, Jr., on May 5, 1961. Ham lived at the Washington Zoo until September 25, 1980. He died in 1983, and his body is now at the International Space Hall of Fame in Alamogordo, New Mexico. The next primate launch was with Goliath, a one-and-a-half-pound squirrel monkey. He was launched in an Air Force Atlas E rocket on November 10, 1961. He died when the rocket was destroyed 35 seconds after launch. The next of the space chimps was Enos. He orbited Earth on November 29, 1961, aboard the  NASA  Mercury-Atlas rocket. Originally he was supposed to orbit the Earth three times, but due to a malfunctioning thruster and other technical difficulties, flight controllers were forced to terminate Enos flight after two orbits. Enos landed in the recovery area and was picked up 75 minutes after splashdown. He was found to be in good overall condition and both he and the  Mercury  spacecraft performed well. Enos died at Holloman Air Force Base 11 months after his flight. From 1973 to 1996, the Soviet Union, later Russia, launched a series of life sciences satellites called  Bion. These missions were under the  Kosmos  umbrella name and used for a variety of different satellites including spy satellites. The first  Bion  launch was Kosmos 605 launched on October 31, 1973.   Later missions carried pairs of monkeys.  Bion 6/Kosmos 1514  was launched December 14, 1983, and carried Abrek and Bion on a five-day flight.  Bion 7/Kosmos 1667  was launched July 10, 1985 and carried the monkeys Verny (Faithful) and Gordy (Proud) on a seven-day flight.  Bion 8/Kosmos 1887  was launched September 29, 1987, and carried the monkeys Yerosha (Drowsy) and Dryoma (Shaggy).   The age of primate testing ended with the Space Race, but today, animals still fly to space as part of experiments on board the International Space Station. They are usually mice or insects, and their progress in weightlessness is carefully charted by the astronauts working on the station.   Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Apple Marketing Portfolio Mac Computers Essay - 1240 Words

Apple Marketing Portfolio: Mac Computers Apple is a multibillion-dollar company that we thought would be very useful to analyze since they have had so much success with their products and marketing techniques, specifically the Mac computers. We saw the opportunity to learn a lot from their different marketing approaches and strategies with their computers against the competitors. Steven Jobs and Stephen Wosniak created Apple in 1976. The two young entrepreneurs probably would have never thought their company would be so successful. They first came out with a microcomputer, which was used mostly by hobbyists and had little success. It wasn’t until 1977 when Jobs and Wosniak introduced to the world the Apple 2 that they tasted any form†¦show more content†¦Constantly hard at work to develop new ways to simplify their computers the two men introduced the first I-Mac in 1998, a computer that would change the tech world forever. Since the I-Mac, Apple has been constantly r evamping, recreating, adding bells and whistles and simplifying their computers in the best ways they can find. They not only became successful with their I-Mac but Apple decided in 2001 to come out with other Apple products such as the I-pod, different computer software, I-tunes, and most recently the company has come out with the ever so popular I-phone, a phone that combines the features of numerous electronic devices. The ever-expanding business has grown and has been recognized worldwide as the leader in computer design. Making the Apple even more appealing to more consumers it has recently partnered up with Intel, allowing for PC users to switch over to Macs with ease. Apple seems to have their marketing strategies and techniques down to a science. They seem to manage uncontrollable marketing pressures in areas such as social, economic, technological, competitive and legal challenges with success. Social Environment: Apple has researched the uncontrollable social environment s o effectively that they perhaps border on controlling it. There ability to adapt to changes in social pop-culture, and appeal to the current times and trends have earned them the sales they most definitely deserve. One cannot not deny theShow MoreRelatedApple Inc. : An American Technology Company Operating Worldwide1130 Words   |  5 PagesApple Inc. Apple Inc. is an American technology company operating worldwide. It was created by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Waynein in 1976 in Cupertino, California where its headquarters are still located. The company currently designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services. Apple Inc. was originally founded with the aim to develop and sell personal computers. On January 3, 1977 the company was incorporated as Apple Computer, Inc. and on JanuaryRead MoreApple Inc. Steve Jobs1431 Words   |  6 Pages APPLE INC. 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Business Law Exemption Clause Free Essays

An exemption is a clause in a contract that exempts or removes liability from one or both parties in certain circumstances. Exemption clauses are used frequently in business organization contract. These clauses apportion risk between the parties concerned and the law upholds them, assuming the parties negotiated them while drafting the contract 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Law: Exemption Clause or any similar topic only for you Order Now The two ways in which exemption clauses can be incorporated in a contract are: (1) Incorporation by notice and (2) Incorporation by signature. 3. I would first ask X if he was notified of the hotel’s policy while, he was checking in. If He was informed of a policy to secure valuables at the front desk, then he was responsible for his losses and Y had no obligation to reimburse him for his losses. However, if he was not informed of Y’s policy on securing valuables while checking in then he was entitled to be reimburses by Y. He is entitled for reimbursement because the notice in the room did not form part of the contract between himself and Y. He became aware of this policy after the contract was made and therefore it cannot form part of the contract. Y is therefore responsible for replacing his valuables. 4. Tim went to Danto Auto Rental to rent a minivan for his family trip in Maxboro Estate. He was notify that the Danto Auto Rental is not responsible for any damages inflicted to any occupant of the minivan cause by mechanical problems or any vehicle accident. Tim signed the document exempting Danto Auto Rental from liability case by mechanical problems or any vehicle accident. For an exemption to be upheld there must be sufficient notice of the exemption or the exemption must be incorporated by signature. This means that the exemption must be in a contract signed by both parties or a party must be made aware of the exemption clause in reasonable time or at the time of the contract. In this case the contract was made when Tim sign the rental documents. 5. An exemption clause must satisfy both the common law and statutory criteria. The courts in recent cases have, however, tended to concentrate on the statutory criteria. . Misrepresentation is: A statement of fact made by one party to contract (the representor) to the other (the representee) which, while not forming a term of the contract, is one of the reasons that induces the representee to enter into the contract. 7. In a misrepresentation case, for the courts to make its decision, it generally looks for the following two things in the representor’s statement: (1) Statement of fact and (2) Induceme nt. 8. In a case of Tim v Roy – T Company build concrete houses with plycemet backing instead of blocks. The marketing department of the company, market the houses as fully concrete. R purchase one of the houses from T Company at the cost you would pay for a fully concrete house. After living in the house for a month R found out that the house was not fully concrete. The plaintiff sued on grounds that he bought the house from the company because he thought the company was building fully concrete houses and he was deceived when they did not. In this case the information given by the Marketing department was of a fraudulent one therefore it was a fraudulent misrepresentation. When proving a fraudulent misrepresentation the plaintiff have to prove that the representor acted in a fraudulent manner or that they made the statement knowingly or without belief it was true or recklessly. All of the above was proven. Tanya’s Boutique v. Andrea Collins – In this case, Tanya gave wrong information concerning the originality and make of the dresses she sold in her boutique. This information was given based on facts that she got from the Dictoria Secret weekly which have a reputation from outstanding information on quality dresses. Andrea later found out that the dresses she bought was a knock-off and not an original. She returned the dresses and requested that her money be return. Tanya refused to return the money. In the case, the misrepresentation by Tanya could be classified, as innocent misrepresentation because she believed the dresses were original. Therefore, her burden had been discharge and her representation could be classified as innocent misrepresentation. 9. (a)(b)(c) Type of MisrepresentationRemedies Available 1FraudulentRescission damages 2Negligent (common law)Damages only 3Negligent (representor must show reasonable grounds to believe in the truth of the statement)Rescission damages 4InnocentRecession Indemnity 0. 1. Indemnity – Compensation for wrong done, or trouble, expense or loss incurred. An undertaking usually by deed to indemnify another. An indemnity can only claimed for loss arising from the entering into the contract and not for any consequential loss, which can only be claimed as damages. 2. Damages – The pecuniary satisfaction awarded by a judge or j ury in a civil action for the wrong suffered by the plaintiff. (Exemplary damages; nominal damages) Damages can be assessed either on a reliance basis or on an expectation basis. 3. Rescission – Putting a contract to an end or voiding a contract usually caused by some type of misrepresentation. It is an equitable remedy and therefore discretionary. It can be loss because of reaffirmation, lapse of time; restitution is no longer possible and a third party has gained an interest. Rescission can be lost where the subject matter of the contract cannot be restored to the representor, and where a third party has gained an interest in the goods. 4. Onus – Burden of proof 5. Contra Proferentem rule – States that any doubt or ambiguity in the wording of a clause will be construed against the person seeking to rely on it. How to cite Business Law: Exemption Clause, Papers

The Revolt Of The Poor free essay sample

# 8211 ; The Demise Of Intellectual Property Essay, Research Paper Sam Vaknin # 8217 ; s Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web SitesThree old ages ago I published a book of short narratives in Israel. The publication house belongs to Israel? s taking ( and extremely affluent ) newspaper. I signed a contract which stated that I am entitled to have 8 % of the income from the gross revenues of the book after committees collectible to distributers, stores, etc. A few months subsequently, I won the desired Prize of the Ministry of Education ( for abruptly prose ) . The choice money ( a few thousand DMs ) was snatched by the publication house on the legal evidences that all the money generated by the book belongs to them because they own the right of first publication. In the mythology generated by capitalist economy to lenify the multitudes, the myth of rational belongings stands out. It goes like this: if the rights to rational belongings were non defined and enforced, commercial enterprisers would non hold taken on the hazards associated with publication books, entering records and fixing multimedia merchandises. As a consequence, originative people will hold suffered because they will hold found no manner to do their plants accessible to the populace. Ultimately, it is the public which pays the monetary value of buccaneering, goes the chorus. But this is factually untrue. In the USA there is a really limited group of writers who really live by their pen. Merely choice instrumentalists eke out a life from their noisy career ( most of them rock stars who own their labels? George Michael had to contend Sony to make merely that ) and really few histrions come near to deducing subsistence flat income from their profession. All these can no longer be thought of every bit largely originative people. Forced to support thie rational belongings rights and the involvements of Big Money, Madonna, Michael Jackson, Schwarzenegger and Grisham are business communities at least every bit much as they are creative persons. Economically and rationally, we should anticipate that the costlier a work of art is to bring forth and the narrower its market? the more its rational belongings rights will be emphasized. See a publication house. A book which costs 50,000 DM to bring forth with a possible audience of 1000 buyers ( certain academic texts are like this ) ? would hold to be priced at a a lower limit of 100 DM to reimburse merely the direct costs. If illicitly copied ( thereby shriveling the possible market? some people will prefer to purchase the cheaper illegal transcripts ) ? its monetary value would hold to travel up prohibitively, therefore driving out possible purchasers. The narrative is different if a book costs 10,000 DM to bring forth and is priced at 20 DM a transcript with a possible readership of 1,000,000 readers. Piracy ( illegal copying ) will in this instance have been more readily tolerated as a fringy phenomenon. This is the theory. But the facts are tellingly different. The less the cost of production ( brought down by digital engineerings ) ? the fiercer the conflict against buccaneering. The bigger the market? the more force per unit area is applied to clamp down on the underground press enterpriser. Governments, from China to Macedonia, are presenting rational belongings Torahs ( under force per unit area from rich universe states ) and implementing them tardily. But where one mill is closed on shore ( as has been the instance in mainland China ) ? two sprout off shore ( as is the instance in Hong Kong and in Bulgaria ) . But this defies logic: the market today is immense, the costs of production and lower ( with the exclusion of the music and movie industries ) , the selling channels more legion ( half of the income of film studios emanates from picture cassette gross revenues ) , the speedy recouping of the investing virtually guaranteed. Furthermore, buccaneering thrives in really hapless markets in which the population would anyhow non hold paid the legal monetary value. The illegal merchandise is inferior to the legal transcript ( it comes with no literature, guarantees or support ) . So why should the large makers, publication houses, record companies, package companies and manner houses worry? The reply lurks in history. Intellectual belongings is a comparatively new impression. In the close yesteryear, no one considered cognition or the fruits of creativeness ( art, design ) as? patentable? , or as person # 8220 ; belongings? . The creative person was but a mere channel through which godly grace flowed. Texts, finds, innovations, plants of art and music, plan? all belonged to the community and could be replicated freely. True, the chosen 1s, the conduits, were honoured but were seldom financially rewarded. They were commissioned to bring forth their plants of art and were salaried, in most instances. Merely with the coming of the Industrial Revolution were the embryologic precursors of rational belongings introduced but they were still limited to industrial designs and procedures, chiefly as embedded in machinery. The patent was born. The more massified the market, the more sophisticated the gross revenues and selling techniques, the bigger the fiscal bets? the larger lo omed the issue of rational belongings. It spread from machinery to plan, procedures, books, newspapers, any printed affair, plants of art and music, movies ( which, at their beginning were non considered art ) , package, package embedded in hardware and even unto familial stuff. Intellectual belongings rights? despite their baronial rubric? are less about the mind and more about belongings. This is Large Money: the markets in rational belongings outweigh the entire industrial production in the universe. The purpose is to procure a monopoly on a specific work. This is an particularly sedate affair in academic publication where small- circulation magazines do non let their content to be quoted or published even for non-commercial intents. The monopolizers of cognition and rational merchandises can non let competition anyplace in the universe? because theirs is a universe market. A plagiarist in Skopje is in direct competition will Charge Gates. When selling a pirated Microsoft merchandise? he is striping Microsoft non merely of its income, but of a client ( =future income ) , of its monopolistic position ( inexpensive transcripts can be smuggled into other markets ) and of its competition-deterring image ( a major monopoly continuing plus ) . This is a menace which Microsoft can non digest. Hence its attempts to eliminate buccaneering # 8211 ; successful China and an arrant failure in legally-relaxed Russia. But what Microsoft fails to understand is that the job lies with its pricing policy? non with the plagiarists. When faced with a planetary market place, a company can follow one of two policies: either to set the monetary value of its merchandises to a universe norm of buying power? or to utilize discretional pricing. A Macedonian with an mean monthly income of of 160 USD clearly can non afford to purchase the Encyclopaedia Encarta Deluxe. In America, 100 USD is the income generated in mean twenty-four hours # 8217 ; s work. In Macedonian footings, hence, the Encarta is 20 times more expensive. Either the monetary value should be lowered in the Macedonian market? or an mean universe monetary value should be fixed which will reflect an norm planetary buying power. Something must be done about it non merely from the economic point of position. Intellectual merchandises are really monetary value sensitive and extremely elastic. Lower monetary values will be more than compensated for by a much hello gher gross revenues volume. There is no other manner to explicate the plagiarist industries: obviously, at the right monetary value a batch of people are willing to purchase these merchandises. High monetary values are an inexplicit tradeoff favoring little, elect, choice, rich universe patronage. This raises a moral issue: are the kids of Macedonia less worthy of instruction and entree to the latest in human cognition and creative activity? Two developments threaten the hereafter of rational belongings rights. One is the Internet. Academicians? fed up with the monopolistic patterns of professional publications # 8211 ; already print at that place in large Numberss. I published a few book on the Internet and they can be freely downloaded by anyone who has a computing machine or a modem. There are electronic magazines, trade diaries, hoardings, professional publications, thousand of books are available full text. Hackers even made sites available from which it is possible to download whole package and multimedia merchandises. It is really easy and inexpensive to print in the Internet, the barriers to entry are virtually nil, excuse the wordplay. Web references are provided free of charge, authoring and printing package tools are incorporated in most word processors and browser applications. As the Internet acquires more impressive sound and picture capablenesss it will continue to endanger the monopoly of the record comp anies, the film studios and so on. The 2nd development is besides technological. The oft-vindicated Moore? s jurisprudence predicted the doubling of computing machine memory capacity every 18 months. But memory is merely one facet. Another is the rapid coincident progress on all technological foreparts. Miniaturization and coincident authorization of the tools available has made it possible for persons to emulate much larger scale organisations successfully. A individual individual, sitting at place with 5000 USD worth of equipment can to the full vie with the best merchandises of the best printing houses anyplace. Compact disc read-only memory can be written on, stamped and copied in house. A complete music studio with the latest in digital engineering has been condensed to the dimensions of a individual package. This will take to personal publication, personal music recording and the digitisation of fictile art. But this is merely one side of the narrative. The comparative advantage of the rational belongings corporation was non to be found entirely in its technological art. Rather it was in its huge pool of capital and its selling clout, market placement, gross revenues and distribution. Nowadays, anyone can publish an visually impressive book, utilizing the above-named inexpensive equipment. But in an age of an information oversupply, it is the selling, the media runs, the distribution and the gross revenues that used to find the economic result. This advantage, nevertheless, is besides being eroded. First, there is a psychological displacement, a reaction to the commercialisation of mind and spirit. Creative people are repelled by what they regard as an oligarchic constitution of institutionalised, lowest common denominator art and they are contending back. Second, the Internet is a immense ( 200 million people ) , genuinely widely distributed market with its ain selling channels freely available to all. Even by default, with a minimal investing, the likeliness of being seen by surprisingly big Numberss of consumers is high. I published one book the traditional manner? and another on the Internet. In 30 months, I have received 2500 written responses sing my electronic book. This means that good over 75,000 people read it ( the industry norm is a 3 % response rate and my Link Exchange metre indicates that 160,000 people visited the site by February 2000, with good over 630,000 feelings in the last 15 months entirely ) . It is a text edition ( in abnormal psychology ) ? and 75,000 people ( allow entirely 160,000 ) is a batch for this sort of publication. I am so satisfied that I am non certain that I will of all time see a traditional publishing house once more. Indeed, my following book is being published in the really same manner. The death of rational belongings has recently become copiously clear. The old rational belongings industries are contending tooth and nail to continue their monopolies ( patents, hallmarks, right of first publication ) and their cost advantages in fabrication and selling. But they are faced with three grim procedures which are likely to render their attempts vain: The Newspaper Packaging Print newspapers offer package trades of subsidised content ( sold for a nominal sum ) and subsidising advertisement. In other words, the advertizers pay for content formation and coevals and the reader has no pick but be exposed to commercial messages as he or she surveies the contents. This theoretical account # 8211 ; adopted earlier by wireless and telecasting # 8211 ; regulations the cyberspace now and will govern the radio cyberspace in the hereafter. Content will be made available free of all monetary charges. The consumer will pay by supplying his personal informations ( demographic informations, ingestion forms and penchants and so on ) and by being exposed to advertisement. Therefore, content Godheads will profit merely by sharing in the advertisement bar. They will happen it progressively hard to implement the old theoretical account of royalties paid for entree or ownership of rational belongings. The venerable ( and expensive ) # 8220 ; Encyclopaedia Britannica # 8221 ; is now to the full available online, free of charge. Its largesse is supported by advertisement. Disintermediation A batch of ink has been spilt sing this of import tendency. The remotion of beds of brokering and intermediation # 8211 ; chiefly on the fabrication and selling degrees # 8211 ; is a historic development ( though the continuance of a long term tendency ) . See music for case. Streaming sound on the cyberspace or MP3 files which the consumer can download will render the Cadmium obsolete. The cyberspace besides provides a locale for the selling of niche merchandises and reduces the barriers to entry antecedently imposed by the demand to prosecute in dearly-won selling ( # 8221 ; branding # 8221 ; ) runs and fabrication activities. This tendency is besides likely to reconstruct the balance between creative person and the commercial users of his merchandise. The very definition of # 8220 ; creative person # 8221 ; will spread out to include all originative people. Everyone will seek to separate oneself, to # 8220 ; trade name # 8221 ; himself and to auction her services, thoughts, merchandises, designs, experience, etc. This is a return to pre-industrial times when craftsmans ruled the economic scene. Work stableness will disappear and work mobility will increase in a landscape of switching commitments, caput hunting, distant coaction and similar labor market tendencies. Market FragmentationIn a disconnected market with a myriad of reciprocally sole market niches, consumer penchants and selling and gross revenues channels # 8211 ; economic systems of graduated table in fabrication and distribution are meaningless. Narrowcasting replaces broadcast medium, mass customization replaces mass production, a web of switching associations replaces the stiff owned-branch system. The decentralized, intrapreneurship-based corporation is a late response to these tendencies. The mega-corporation of the hereafter is more likely to move as a collective of start-ups than as a homogenous, unvarying ( and, to confederacy theoreticians, sinister ) steamroller it one time was.